Research chemicals

Experimental extrasynaptic GABA-A agonist (super-agonist at delta-subunit receptors) once developed as a hypnotic that enhanced slow-wave sleep. Development for insomnia was halted in 2007 over efficacy and psychiatric/perceptual adverse effects; later revived in a rare-disease programme.

The prototypical racetam, in clinical use in parts of Europe for cognitive decline, myoclonus and vertigo. Evidence for cognitive benefit in healthy adults is weak and inconsistent, but it is well studied for a nootropic and has a benign safety record.

An investigational triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor (serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine) originally studied for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, then repurposed for obesity after weight loss was noticed in trials. Phase II data showed strong weight loss, but it is not approved anywhere and remains investigational with dose-dependent cardiovascular and mood concerns.

A GABA-B receptor agonist developed in the Soviet Union and used there as an anxiolytic. It produces calming and pro-social effects, but carries a well-documented risk of tolerance, dependence and a severe, sometimes protracted withdrawal syndrome — the most important fact about it.

Psilocybin is the principal psychoactive prodrug found in Psilocybe and related mushroom genera. It is dephosphorylated in the body to psilocin, which drives its effects at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. Among classic tryptamine psychedelics it has the strongest modern clinical evidence base, with randomised controlled trials in treatment-resistant depression, major depressive disorder, and end-of-life distress.

2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) is a mitochondrial uncoupler that dramatically increases metabolic rate and produces rapid fat loss. It was briefly used as a diet drug in the 1930s before being withdrawn as unsafe. It has a narrow margin between an effective dose and a lethal one: overdose causes uncontrollable hyperthermia that is frequently fatal, and there is no antidote. It is genuinely dangerous.

A small molecule that inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK), reactivating pyruvate dehydrogenase and forcing glucose oxidation over glycolysis and fatty-acid oxidation. Studied for congenital lactic acidosis, pulmonary hypertension and cancer metabolism, but limited by dose-related reversible peripheral neuropathy.

Gaboxadol is a GABA-A agonist selective for extrasynaptic delta-subunit receptors, originally developed as a hypnotic for insomnia and later studied in Angelman and Fragile X syndromes. It reached late-stage insomnia trials but was discontinued over efficacy and psychiatric side effects at higher doses. It is not approved, and appears on the grey market as a research chemical.

GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate) is a CNS depressant that occurs naturally in the body and is used medically as sodium oxybate for narcolepsy. Recreationally it produces euphoria, sedation and disinhibition, but it has an unusually narrow dose-response: the gap between a recreational dose and one causing unconsciousness, coma or respiratory arrest is small, and it is measured in millilitres or grams that are easy to misjudge. Combining GHB with alcohol sharply raises the risk of coma and death.

Phencyclidine (PCP, 'angel dust') is the prototype arylcyclohexylamine dissociative, developed in the 1950s as a surgical anaesthetic before withdrawal due to severe emergence reactions. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist producing dissociation, analgesia and, at higher doses, marked agitation, psychosis and anaesthesia. Among this class it has one of the larger human data sets, drawn mostly from clinical anaesthesia trials and decades of emergency-department case reports.

Psilocin (4-HO-DMT) is the active metabolite of psilocybin and the molecule directly responsible for the psychedelic effects of Psilocybe mushrooms. It is a 5-HT2A receptor agonist. Because it is what psilocybin becomes in the body, human pharmacological data come largely from psilocybin trials, in which psilocin is the measured active species.

Sobetirome (GC-1) is a synthetic thyroid hormone receptor beta-selective agonist investigated for dyslipidaemia and, later, demyelinating disease. It lowers cholesterol and raises metabolic rate in animals with reduced cardiac effect, and circulates in the fat-loss grey market.

A fat-soluble racetam reported to have anxiolytic as well as cognitive properties. Human evidence is limited and mostly older, drawn from studies in cognitive impairment; use in healthy adults rests largely on anecdote.

GBL (gamma-butyrolactone) is an industrial solvent and a prodrug of GHB: once ingested it is rapidly converted to GHB by the body. It shares GHB's effects and its dangerously narrow dose-response, but is absorbed faster and is more potent by volume, making misdosing even easier. As with GHB, the combination with alcohol markedly raises the risk of coma and death.

Ibogaine is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid from the West African shrub Tabernanthe iboga. It is an atypical, long-acting psychoactive with anti-addiction properties: observational and open-label studies report it can interrupt opioid withdrawal and reduce craving. It is also cardiotoxic, causing QT-interval prolongation and dangerous arrhythmias, and has been associated with multiple deaths.

Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is the classic naturally occurring psychedelic phenethylamine found in peyote, San Pedro and related cacti. It produces a long, gradual visual and emotional psychedelic experience and is the archetype from which the entire scaline family is derived.

A water-soluble racetam studied mainly in older adults with cognitive impairment. It is sometimes described as more 'stimulating' than piracetam. Human data exist but are dated and limited, and it is not approved in most Western markets.

A phenylated racetam developed in Russia with more pronounced stimulant and physical-performance effects than piracetam. It is banned in competitive sport and its cognitive claims rest largely on limited Russian clinical literature and anecdote.

A lipophilic racetam derivative marketed as a potent nootropic, dosed in the low milligram range. Human data is limited to small trials in elderly cognitive impairment and post-traumatic memory deficits; broad cognitive-enhancement claims in healthy users rest on anecdote.

Sydnocarb (mesocarb) is a sydnone-imine psychostimulant developed in the Soviet Union as a milder, longer-acting amphetamine alternative. It has some historical Russian clinical use for asthenia and ADHD-like indications, but little Western data; grey-market interest treats it as a gentler stimulant.

AICAR (acadesine) is an AMPK activator studied clinically for cardioprotection and famous as an 'exercise mimetic'. By switching on AMPK it boosts fatty-acid oxidation and glucose uptake, making it a research-grade metabolic and endurance agent that is banned in sport.

A racetam studied for post-stroke apathy and depression and for cognitive impairment. Some randomised human data exists, but development was limited partly by preclinical toxicity signals in animals.

1,4-Butanediol (BDO) is an industrial solvent and a prodrug of GHB: it is metabolised in the liver to GHB via alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Its effects, narrow dose-response and dependence risk mirror GHB, but onset is delayed and variable, and its shared metabolism with ethanol produces a dangerous interaction with alcohol.

A Russian-developed 'actoprotector' combining mild stimulant and anxiolytic (so-called adaptogenic) properties, intended to improve physical and mental performance under stress. Human data are mostly Russian, and it is banned in competitive sport.

DMAA (1,3-dimethylamylamine) is a synthetic aliphatic amine stimulant once marketed as a nasal decongestant and later sold widely in pre-workout and weight-loss supplements. It raises blood pressure and heart rate and has been linked in case reports to hypertension, cardiac events, cerebral haemorrhage and stroke, prompting regulators including the FDA to warn against it and remove it from supplements.

An irreversible carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1) inhibitor developed as a metabolic drug for diabetes and heart failure. Clinical development was halted after unacceptable hepatotoxicity. It is now used almost exclusively as a laboratory tool to block fatty-acid oxidation in research.

Methylsynephrine (oxilofrine / p-hydroxyephedrine) is a synthetic sympathomimetic stimulant historically used as a cardiac drug in a few countries and sold illicitly in weight-loss and pre-workout supplements. It is more potent than synephrine and is not a legal dietary-supplement ingredient in the US. It raises heart rate and blood pressure, has caused adverse-event reports, and is banned in sport.

A synthetic dipeptide, active at very low doses, developed in Russia and structurally distinct from the racetams though often grouped with them. Human evidence is limited to Russian clinical studies in cognitive impairment; use in healthy adults is largely anecdotal.

A Soviet-developed conjugate of niacin and GABA designed to carry GABA across the blood-brain barrier, used for anxiety and cerebrovascular conditions. The FDA has ruled it is not a lawful dietary ingredient.

Pyrilutamide (KX-826) is a topical non-steroidal androgen-receptor antagonist in clinical development (Kintor Pharmaceutical) for androgenetic alopecia and acne. Despite ongoing trials, it is already widely sold on the grey market, where quality and effective dosing are unverified.

A racetam originally developed as a candidate for Alzheimer's disease and later trialled for major depression with anxiety. Human efficacy for cognitive enhancement is unproven; it is sold as a research chemical.

KB-141 is a synthetic thyroid hormone receptor beta-selective agonist studied preclinically for obesity and dyslipidaemia. In primates it lowered cholesterol and increased metabolic rate with a wide margin over cardiac effects, but it never advanced to substantial human trials.

Noribogaine is the principal active metabolite of ibogaine, formed by demethylation. It is longer-lived than ibogaine and has been studied for opioid withdrawal and addiction interruption. Like ibogaine it carries a documented risk of QT prolongation and potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmia.

A racetam-class compound acting on glutamate metabotropic receptors and the cholinergic system, more recently investigated as a candidate treatment for ADHD. Human data are limited to early clinical trials; general nootropic use rests on anecdote.

Methoxetamine (MXE) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative that emerged around 2010 as a 'research chemical' analogue of ketamine, marketed as bladder-friendly though this was never established. It has a longer duration and higher potency than ketamine and was linked to several deaths and hospitalisations before being widely banned.

Methylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone, bk-MDMA) is the beta-keto analogue of MDMA and a monoamine releaser with entactogenic and stimulant effects. It was briefly sold as 'Explosion' and as an MDMA substitute. It is among the better-studied cathinones, though human data remain limited to pharmacology studies, surveys and toxicology rather than therapeutic trials.

Phenmetrazine is a classic stimulant appetite suppressant formerly marketed as Preludin. It is a potent catecholamine releaser with recognised abuse liability, and was withdrawn from most markets after widespread misuse.

Propylhexedrine is a cyclohexyl analogue of methamphetamine, sold legally in some countries as a nasal decongestant inhaler but also misused as a stimulant. Its recreational and misuse pharmacology is better documented than most items in this set, including case reports of cardiovascular and psychiatric toxicity from abuse.

Etizolam is a thienodiazepine — a benzodiazepine analogue in which the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophene ring. It is a licensed medicine in Japan, Italy and India for anxiety and short-term insomnia, but elsewhere it circulates as an unregulated research chemical and is widely misused. It produces the familiar benzodiazepine profile of anxiolysis, sedation and muscle relaxation, with rapid onset and a relatively short half-life that encourages redosing.

GW0742 is a potent, selective PPAR-delta agonist studied preclinically for metabolic and endurance effects. Closely related to the better-known GW501516, it shifts muscle toward fatty-acid oxidation, and is sold in the research grey market as an endurance and fat-loss agent despite no human data.

mCPP (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine) is a serotonergic piperazine and a metabolite of the antidepressant trazodone. It is widely studied as a pharmacological probe of serotonin function and is notably anxiogenic, commonly provoking anxiety, migraine and nausea rather than euphoria.

4-Fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) is a fluorinated amphetamine used recreationally as a stimulant with mild entactogenic qualities, sitting between amphetamine and MDMA in subjective profile. Human data is limited to surveys, poisoning case reports and small pharmacology studies; it has been associated with cardiovascular events including haemorrhagic stroke.

5-MeO-DMT (5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is an extremely potent, short-acting psychedelic tryptamine found in some plants and toad venom and produced synthetically. Vaporised or insufflated, it produces a rapid, overwhelming experience. Human data are mostly observational and anecdotal, with emerging clinical trials; the very steep dose-response and intensity make it high-risk.

Bufotenin (5-hydroxy-DMT) is a naturally occurring tryptamine found in some toads (Bufo species), plants and mushrooms. It was studied in early human experiments that reported strong cardiovascular and physical effects; its psychedelic status has long been debated.

BZP (benzylpiperazine) is a synthetic piperazine stimulant historically marketed as a legal 'party pill', frequently combined with TFMPP to mimic MDMA-like effects. It produces amphetamine-like stimulation with a poor side-effect profile, including anxiety, insomnia and, rarely, seizures.

DMAA is a sympathomimetic amine marketed in the late 2000s and early 2010s as a potent pre-workout stimulant and fat-burner ingredient, often as 'geranium extract'. It produces stimulant euphoria and appetite suppression but has been tied to hypertensive crises, cerebral haemorrhage and several deaths. The FDA declared it an illegal dietary ingredient and issued warning letters; it is banned in sport by WADA.

DMHA (2-aminoisoheptane, octodrine) is a synthetic aliphatic amine stimulant used in pre-workout and fat-burner supplements, often as a successor to DMAA. It is a sympathomimetic that raises energy, focus and blood pressure. Human safety data are limited, but its close similarity to DMAA raises comparable cardiovascular concerns, and regulators including the FDA consider it an unlawful supplement ingredient.

DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) is a potent, short-acting psychedelic tryptamine found in many plants (and used in ayahuasca) and produced synthetically. Vaporised or injected it produces a rapid, intense, short experience; orally it is inactive without an MAOI. It is among the better-studied psychedelics, with controlled human research, though non-medical use data remain largely observational.

DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, street name STP) is a potent, very long-acting DOx amphetamine psychedelic. Notorious from 1960s mass-poisonings when high doses caused prolonged, distressing trips, it is active in the low-milligram range with effects lasting 14-20+ hours.

Flmodafinil (lauflumide, CRL-40,940) is a bis-fluoro analogue of modafinil sold grey-market as a nootropic. It shares modafinil's dopamine-transporter mechanism and is claimed to have higher bioavailability, but it has essentially no human clinical data — its profile is inferred from modafinil and anecdote.

Hydroxynorketamine (HNK), specifically the 2R,6R enantiomer, is a major metabolite of ketamine that has drawn intense research interest as a possible antidepressant that works without NMDA blockade or dissociation. It remains preclinical/early-clinical and is not an approved drug, but is sold grey-market as a research chemical.

MDA (3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) is the amphetamine homolog of MDMA and one of the oldest known entactogens. It is longer-acting and more overtly psychedelic and stimulating than MDMA, with visual effects at higher doses. It shares MDMA's serotonergic mechanism and carries the same neurotoxicity, hyperthermia, and serotonin-syndrome concerns, arguably to a greater degree.

Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone, 4-MMC) is a synthetic cathinone that acts as a combined stimulant and entactogen, releasing dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin. It became widely used from around 2009 as a 'legal high' before scheduling in most jurisdictions. Human data are limited to surveys, emergency-department case series and post-hoc pharmacology; there are no controlled dosing trials.

An obscure racetam with cholinergic and reported muscarinic-agonist activity, studied preclinically for ischaemia and cognitive deficits. Essentially uncharacterised in humans and rarely available.

Rauwolscine (alpha-yohimbine) is a stereoisomer of yohimbine and a selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist found in Rauvolfia and Pausinystalia species. It is sold in fat-burner and pre-workout supplements for stimulation and fat loss, sharing yohimbine's anxiogenic and cardiovascular side-effect profile with little dedicated human research.

RU58841 is a non-steroidal androgen-receptor antagonist developed for topical treatment of androgenetic alopecia and acne, later abandoned in clinical development. It survives as a grey-market research chemical popular among hair-loss forum users seeking DHT blockade at the follicle without systemic anti-androgen exposure.

2C-B is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C-x family, first synthesised by Alexander Shulgin. It produces a mix of psychedelic visual effects and mild entactogenic warmth, sitting between classic psychedelics and MDMA in character, with a moderate duration of around 4-6 hours. It is the best known and most widely used 2C compound.

Amfonelic acid is a potent, selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor originally investigated as an antibacterial and later as a research stimulant. It has strong preclinical dopaminergic activity but essentially no human clinical development; it circulates only as a research chemical.

Dizocilpine (MK-801) is a potent, selective, high-affinity non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist used extensively as a laboratory tool to model NMDA hypofunction and glutamatergic mechanisms. It was investigated as a neuroprotectant and anticonvulsant but abandoned for human therapy due to neurotoxicity; it is not a clinical or recreational drug.

Ethylamphetamine (N-ethylamphetamine, etilamfetamine) is the N-ethyl homologue of amphetamine, briefly marketed as an anorectic under names such as Apetinil before falling out of use. It is a weaker, shorter-acting stimulant relative than amphetamine, with modest older clinical exposure but little modern data.

Ethylphenidate is a close analogue of methylphenidate (Ritalin) and an active metabolite formed when methylphenidate and alcohol are co-used. As a research chemical it is a dopaminergic stimulant reported to have strong redosing potential; insufflation has been linked to local tissue and vascular injury.

MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone) is a potent pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone and dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. It was a principal component of early 'bath salts' products linked to severe agitation, psychosis and excited-delirium cases. Human knowledge is from emergency toxicology and animal studies rather than trials; it is among the most compulsive cathinones.

Phenazepam is a potent, long-acting benzodiazepine developed in the Soviet Union in the 1970s and still used medically in Russia and some post-Soviet states. Elsewhere it spread as a research chemical and drug of misuse. It is strongly sedating with a long half-life, and has been implicated in many intoxication and overdose deaths, especially in combination with opioids or alcohol.

Pyrovalerone is the original pyrrolidinophenone stimulant, developed in the 1960s for fatigue and obesity before withdrawal due to abuse and dependence. It is the structural parent of alpha-PVP and related cathinones and acts as a potent norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Older clinical use gives it slightly more human data than its designer descendants.

An experimental piperazine compound structurally related to the racetams, reported in animal studies to enhance memory at very low doses. There is essentially no human clinical data; its use is entirely anecdotal and its safety profile uncharacterised.

Tuaminoheptane is an aliphatic amine originally used as a nasal decongestant that has appeared in pre-workout supplements as a stimulant. It is a sympathomimetic with a WADA ban in sport and little modern human safety data for oral supplement use.

Adinazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine originally investigated in the 1980s as an antidepressant-anxiolytic but never marketed. It is now encountered as a grey-market designer benzodiazepine. It has both anxiolytic and sedative activity and is metabolised to the more potent N-desmethyladinazolam.

alpha-PVP (alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone, 'flakka') is a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone and potent dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor. It gained notoriety from clusters of severe agitation, hyperthermia and excited-delirium presentations. Human knowledge is from emergency toxicology, case series and animal pharmacology rather than trials; it is markedly more compulsive than the ring-substituted cathinones.

Ariadne (4C-D, BL-3912) is an alpha-ethyl homologue of DOM originally investigated by Bristol Laboratories as an antipsychotic and for tardive dyskinesia. It is only weakly psychedelic and has drawn renewed research interest as a possible non-hallucinogenic 5-HT2A ligand.

Deschloroketamine (DCK) is a ketamine analogue lacking the chlorine atom, sold as a research chemical. It is more potent and longer-lasting than ketamine, and its long duration has been linked to compulsive redosing and prolonged dissociation.

DET is the diethyl homolog of DMT, a short-to-moderate acting psychedelic tryptamine. Unlike DMT it is reportedly orally active without an MAOI, though effects are milder and often described as less profound. Human data is limited to a handful of 1950s-60s psychiatric investigations plus scattered anecdote.

DMHA (octodrine / 2-aminoisoheptane) is a stimulant amine that replaced DMAA in many pre-workout and fat-burner products after DMAA was banned. It is a weaker but related sympathomimetic marketed under exotic botanical names. Human data is minimal, and the FDA considers it an unlawful dietary ingredient.

DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine), historically sold as STP, is a potent, long-lasting psychedelic amphetamine. It caused a wave of hospital admissions in the late 1960s when high-dose tablets were distributed. It is one of the better-studied DOx compounds, with some early human research, but remains hazardous due to slow onset, long duration and vasoconstriction.

Hydrafinil (9-fluorenol) is a fluorene-based compound marketed grey-market as a modafinil-like eugeroic. Despite vendor claims of greater potency, it has no published human trials; its reputation rests on a single mention as a wakefulness agent and on user anecdote.

Prolintane is a pyrrolidine-type stimulant formerly used in combination cognition and fatigue products. It is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor with a moderate stimulant profile and limited modern data.

Rilmazafone is a water-soluble benzodiazepine prodrug developed and marketed in Japan as a hypnotic. It is inactive until metabolised in the gut to an active benzodiazepine. It has genuine Japanese clinical use as a sleep aid, but is treated as a research chemical elsewhere and shares the dependence profile of the class.

Alpha-methyltryptamine (AMT) is a long-acting tryptamine with mixed psychedelic, stimulant, and entactogenic effects. Originally investigated as an antidepressant in the Soviet Union (marketed as Indopan), it later re-emerged as a recreational research chemical. Its alpha-methyl group confers monoamine-releasing and MAOI activity and a long duration; it has been implicated in deaths, often involving drug interactions.

Alpha-ethyltryptamine (AET) is the alpha-ethyl homologue of AMT. Like AMT it was marketed as an antidepressant (Monase) in the early 1960s before being withdrawn. It has stimulant, entactogenic, and mild psychedelic effects and monoamine oxidase inhibitory activity. It was withdrawn partly due to reports of agranulocytosis and later placed in US Schedule I.

Halostachine (N-methylphenylethanolamine) is a synephrine-like sympathomimetic amine found in the grass Halostachys and sold in fat-burners as a mild adrenergic stimulant. Human safety and efficacy data are almost nonexistent.

LSA (ergine, D-lysergic acid amide) is a naturally occurring ergoline alkaloid found in morning glory and Hawaiian baby woodrose (HBWR) seeds. It is a mild, sedating psychedelic relative of LSD, usually consumed by ingesting ground seeds. Nausea and heavy body load are prominent, and human data remains largely observational.

25I-NBOMe (2C-I-NBOMe) is an extremely potent psychedelic active in the microgram range and taken sublingually. It is dangerous: unlike classical phenethylamines it has a narrow margin of safety and has caused numerous deaths from seizures, severe vasoconstriction, hyperthermia and cardiac arrest. It is frequently mis-sold as LSD. Human data come mainly from clinical toxicology case series.

A substituted cathinone stimulant (3-chloromethcathinone) that replaced 3-MMC in several European markets after scheduling. Short-acting with a strongly compulsive redose pattern and almost no formal pharmacology.

beta-Methylphenethylamine (BMPEA) is a synthetic amphetamine isomer that was found in supplements labelled as Acacia rigidula. It has never been tested for safety in humans, and the FDA warned manufacturers after independent analyses identified it in numerous products.

DMBA (1,3-dimethylbutylamine, sold as 'AMP Citrate') is a structural analog of DMAA introduced to supplements as a substitute stimulant. It has essentially no human safety data, and the FDA warned that it does not qualify as a dietary ingredient and poses cardiovascular risks.

DPT (N,N-dipropyltryptamine) is a synthetic psychedelic tryptamine. It has been used non-medically and, historically, in a small number of exploratory therapeutic and religious contexts. Human data are largely anecdotal with limited older clinical exploration; potency and duration vary by route, and dose responses differ widely between individuals.

Gidazepam is a benzodiazepine prodrug developed in the former Soviet Union and used medically in some post-Soviet states as an anxiolytic. It is metabolised to the long-acting active compound desalkylgidazepam. On the grey market it is sold as a research chemical; human data come mainly from regional clinical use.

MDEA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine, "Eve") is the N-ethyl homolog of MDMA. It produces a milder, more sedating and less euphoric entactogenic effect than MDMA, with a shorter duration. It shares the same serotonergic mechanism and neurotoxicity, hyperthermia, and serotonin-syndrome concerns.

2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) is a ketamine analogue in which the chlorine is replaced by fluorine, sold as a research chemical and often used as a near-substitute for ketamine. Its potency and duration are broadly similar to ketamine, but human safety data are minimal.

25C-NBOMe (2C-C-NBOMe) is an extremely potent N-benzyl psychedelic closely related to 25I-NBOMe. It is active in the microgram range, taken sublingually, and shares the same dangerous profile: a narrow margin of safety with seizures, severe vasoconstriction, hyperthermia and deaths. It is frequently mis-sold as LSD. Human data come mainly from toxicology case reports.

3-MeO-PCP is a potent arylcyclohexylamine dissociative and PCP analogue sold as a research chemical. It is notably stimulating and has a narrow margin of safety, with a well-documented risk of overdose, agitation and stimulant-type psychosis. It has been implicated in multiple hospitalisations and deaths.

4-HO-DET (CZ-74) is the diethyl analog of psilocin, a psychedelic tryptamine originally synthesised by Hofmann and Troxler at Sandoz. It produces a shorter psilocybin-like experience. Some mid-century clinical exposure exists but modern data is anecdotal.

4-MTA (4-methylthioamphetamine) is a particularly dangerous amphetamine-type serotonin releaser that also inhibits monoamine oxidase. It causes massive, poorly controlled serotonin release and has been directly implicated in multiple deaths. It is not a safe MDMA substitute and is described here as a hazard, not a recreational option.

Deterenol (isopropylnorsynephrine's relative; isopropylamino-methylphenol ethanol) is an unapproved beta-adrenergic stimulant found illegally in weight-loss and pre-workout supplements. It is not approved for use in humans anywhere, and analyses have repeatedly flagged it in adulterated products alongside other banned stimulants.

An experimental angiotensin IV-derived hexapeptide investigated preclinically for potent synaptogenic and pro-cognitive effects. There is essentially no human data; use is entirely exploratory and its long-term safety is unknown.

Dimethocaine (larocaine) is a synthetic local anaesthetic structurally related to cocaine that also inhibits the dopamine transporter, producing cocaine-like stimulant and reinforcing effects. It has been sold as a legal-high cocaine substitute, with limited human data and cocaine-like abuse and cardiovascular risk.

DOI (4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) is a potent, long-lasting psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx family. It is widely used as a 5-HT2A agonist in laboratory pharmacology, but human recreational data are limited to anecdote. Active doses are small, onset is slow, effects last 12-24 hours, and vasoconstriction is a recognised risk.

Marketed as 'Eria Jarensis extract', this ingredient is typically N,N-dimethylphenethylamine, a phenethylamine derivative used as a mood-and-focus stimulant in DMAA-free pre-workouts. Human evidence is essentially absent and its status as a lawful dietary ingredient is disputed.

Fluorophenibut is a fluorinated analogue of phenibut sold as a research chemical and unregulated nootropic for anxiolysis and sociability. It is presumed to act like phenibut as a GABA-B agonist and alpha-2-delta ligand, reportedly with faster onset. Human data are essentially nonexistent; the main documented risks are dependence and a difficult withdrawal, extrapolated from phenibut.

Isopropylnorsynephrine (isopropyloctopamine, 'Deoxy') is a synthetic beta-adrenergic sympathomimetic marketed in topical and oral fat-loss products for targeted lipolysis. It has essentially no human safety data and carries the cardiovascular cautions of potent beta-agonists.

PMA (para-methoxyamphetamine) is a highly dangerous amphetamine notorious for causing fatal overdoses. It has a slow, delayed onset that leads users to redose thinking it is weak or fake MDMA, then produces severe, sometimes lethal hyperthermia and serotonin toxicity. Numerous deaths have been documented.

PMMA (para-methoxymethamphetamine) is the N-methyl analogue of PMA and is similarly deadly. Like PMA it has a slow, deceptive onset that drives fatal redosing, potent serotonergic and MAO-inhibiting activity, and has caused numerous deaths after being sold as MDMA.

TFMPP (3-trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine) is a serotonergic piperazine most often combined with BZP in 'party pills' to add MDMA-like empathogenic character. Alone it is largely non-recreational and can be dysphoric, and it carries serotonergic risks.

2-Fluoromethamphetamine (2-FMA) is a fluorinated methamphetamine analogue used as a functional stimulant. Users describe a clear-headed, focused profile with relatively low euphoria, which has made it a popular 'productivity' research chemical. Human data is limited to anecdote and analytical reports.

2C-D is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family, the 4-methyl analogue. It is relatively mild and short by 2C standards, with a reputation as a gentle, cognitive psychedelic sometimes described as a potential learning tool at low doses.

4-AcO-DMT (psilacetin, O-acetylpsilocin) is a synthetic tryptamine closely related to psilocybin. It is thought to act largely as a prodrug for psilocin, producing an experience widely reported as very similar to magic mushrooms, with visuals, emotional depth and a duration of around 4-6 hours. It is popular as a research chemical partly for its ease of accurate dosing as a powder.

4-HO-DET (4-hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine, ethocin/CZ-74) is a synthetic tryptamine psychedelic and the diethyl homologue of psilocin. It was among the tryptamines investigated by Hofmann and colleagues at Sandoz in the 1950s-60s, giving it slightly more historical pharmacological attention than most grey-market tryptamines, though modern controlled data remain minimal.

5-MeO-DiPT (5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine, Foxy or Foxy Methoxy) is a synthetic psychedelic tryptamine described by Shulgin. It is used non-medically for psychedelic, tactile and sensory effects. Human data are anecdotal plus a handful of case reports; potency and safety are poorly characterised, with wide individual dose variation.

AL-LAD (6-allyl-6-nor-LSD) is a lysergamide analogue of LSD carrying an allyl group in place of the N6 methyl. It is a potent psychedelic with an experience often described as slightly more visual and less anxiogenic than LSD, characterised in early animal work by Hofmann and later by Nichols but never clinically trialled.

Cinolazepam is a benzodiazepine marketed in some European countries (notably as Gerodorm) as a hypnotic for insomnia. It is metabolised to the long-acting active metabolite temazepam. It is included here as it circulates on the grey market outside its licensed jurisdictions. Like other benzodiazepines it is a GABA-A positive allosteric modulator producing sedation and sleep induction.

DOB (4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) is a highly potent, very long-lasting psychedelic amphetamine. Active doses are in the low milligram range, onset is slow, and effects can last 12-24 hours. It is strongly associated with vasoconstriction; large doses and misdosing have caused severe peripheral vasospasm and limb ischaemia. Human data are limited to case reports and anecdote.

Eutylone (bk-EBDB, N-ethyl homologue of butylone) is a methylenedioxy synthetic cathinone with combined stimulant and mild entactogenic effects. From around 2019 it became a common substitute for MDMA and eutylone-adulterated 'ecstasy', and has been widely detected in seized and mis-sold products. Human pharmacology is uncharacterised beyond toxicology and monitoring data.

MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane) is an aminoindane entactogen developed as a serotonin-selective releaser with reduced neurotoxic potential relative to MDMA in early animal work. It produces mild MDMA-like effects with limited stimulation. Human data remains sparse, largely user reports and case reports.

Methiopropamine (MPA) is a thiophene-ring analogue of methamphetamine sold as a research-chemical stimulant, particularly popular in the UK after mephedrone was banned. It is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor with milder subjective effects than methamphetamine, but has been implicated in fatalities and has very limited human characterisation.

Methoxphenidine (MXP, 2-MeO-diphenidine) is a diarylethylamine dissociative that emerged around 2013 as a legal ketamine substitute. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist producing dissociation, stimulation and, at higher doses, anaesthesia and confusion. Human data are limited to case reports and anecdote, and it has been implicated in several deaths.

β-Methylphenethylamine (BMPEA) is a positional isomer of amphetamine that gained attention after being found as an undeclared adulterant in some dietary supplements marketed as containing Acacia rigidula. It is a stimulant with limited human data and unknown long-term safety.

3-FPM (3-fluorophenmetrazine, PAL-593) is a phenmetrazine analogue and research-chemical stimulant related to prolintane in its functional profile. It is reported as a moderate, functional stimulant, but has been implicated in poisonings and deaths in Europe, often in combination with other drugs.

4-Methylamphetamine (4-MA) is a ring-methylated amphetamine that acts as a strongly serotonergic monoamine releaser. Several deaths have been reported in Europe, often when it was sold as or mixed with amphetamine, and its serotonergic profile makes overdose particularly dangerous.

Baeocystin is a naturally occurring analogue of psilocybin found in Psilocybe mushrooms, differing by having a single N-methyl group (it is the N-desmethyl analogue of psilocybin). It is thought to be a prodrug for norpsilocin. Its independent psychoactivity in humans is poorly established and rests largely on a small amount of historical self-experimentation.

Diphenidine (DPD) is a diarylethylamine dissociative that appeared as a research chemical around 2013, often alongside methoxphenidine. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist producing dose-dependent dissociation, stimulation and anaesthesia. Human data are limited to case reports and anecdote, and it has featured in several intoxication and death investigations.

Ethyl loflazepate is a prodrug benzodiazepine licensed as an anxiolytic in some countries (e.g. Japan and France as Meilax/Victan). It is metabolised to long-acting active metabolites including descarbethoxyloflazepate. It is included here because it circulates on the grey market. Like other benzodiazepines it potentiates GABA-A signalling to produce anxiolysis and sedation.

LSZ is a structural analogue of LSD in which the diethylamide is replaced by a constrained 2,4-dimethylazetidide ring. It is a potent 5-HT2A agonist producing an LSD-like psychedelic experience, studied preclinically as a probe of lysergamide structure-activity but never in clinical trials.

MiPLA (lysergic acid methylisopropylamide, LAMIDE) is a close analogue of LSD in which one ethyl of the diethylamide is replaced with methyl and the other with isopropyl. It is a psychedelic of somewhat lower potency than LSD and has been the subject of a small amount of modern pharmacological research.

1cP-LSD (1-cyclopropanoyl-LSD) is a lysergamide prodrug of LSD in which a cyclopropanoyl group is attached to the indole nitrogen. It is thought to convert to LSD in the body and produces essentially LSD-like effects. It emerged as a legal-market alternative to LSD and 1P-LSD. Active doses are in the microgram range; human data are almost entirely anecdotal.

1P-LSD (1-propionyl-LSD) is a semi-synthetic lysergamide and a research-chemical analogue of LSD. It is thought to act as a prodrug that is converted to LSD in the body, producing an experience users describe as essentially identical to LSD. It is dosed in micrograms and emerged as a legal-grey-area substitute in jurisdictions where LSD is banned.

1V-LSD is a valeryl (pentanoyl) prodrug of LSD, developed largely to sidestep the 2021 German NpSG blanket ban that captured 1P-LSD and 1cP-LSD. It is assumed to hydrolyse to LSD in the body, producing an essentially LSD-like psychedelic experience. It has no clinical study base.

2C-B-FLY is a benzodifuran ('FLY') analogue of 2C-B, with the methoxy groups locked into fused furan rings. It is a longer-acting psychedelic that has been implicated in fatalities, often through confusion with the far more toxic Bromo-DragonFLY.

2C-C (4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C series first described by Alexander Shulgin in PiHKAL. It produces mild-to-moderate visual and psychedelic effects and is often described as more sedating and gentle than related 2C compounds. Human data is limited to self-experiments and anecdotal reports; there are no controlled clinical studies.

2C-E is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C-x family, more potent and typically more intense than 2C-B. It is known for strong visual and cognitive effects, a long onset that can tempt premature redosing, and a steep, unforgiving dose-response. It has been implicated in mass-poisoning incidents linked to dosing errors.

2C-I is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C-x family, similar in character to 2C-B but generally described as more visual and slightly longer-lasting. It gained notoriety partly because of confusion with the far more dangerous NBOMe compound 25I-NBOMe, which has been mis-sold as 2C-I on blotter.

3-Fluoroamphetamine (3-FA) is a positional isomer of 4-FA and a fluorinated amphetamine stimulant. It is reported to be more dopaminergic and stimulant-like than 4-FA with less entactogenic character. Human data is essentially limited to anecdote and isolated case reports.

3-HO-PCP is a potent arylcyclohexylamine sold as a research chemical that, unusually for the class, has significant opioid receptor activity in addition to NMDA antagonism. This dual action makes it particularly dangerous, adding respiratory-depression and dependence risks not typical of other dissociatives.

3-Hydroxyphenazepam is a designer benzodiazepine and an active metabolite of phenazepam. It is sold as a research chemical and produces the sedative, anxiolytic and amnestic effects typical of the class, with a long duration. Human data is essentially limited to its role as a phenazepam metabolite and to user reports.

4-AcO-DET is the 4-acetoxy ester of DET, thought to act as a prodrug for 4-HO-DET (a psilocin analog). It is an orally active psychedelic tryptamine sold as a research chemical, with effects reported to resemble psilocybin. Human data is anecdotal.

4-Chloroamphetamine (4-CA, PCA) is a para-chlorinated amphetamine best known as a potent, selective serotonergic neurotoxin used in laboratory research. It causes long-lasting depletion of serotonergic neurons in animals and is not used or considered safe for human consumption.

4-CMC (4-chloromethcathinone, clephedrone) is a synthetic cathinone structurally related to mephedrone, with the para-methyl replaced by chlorine. It emerged as a mephedrone successor on the research-chemical market. Human pharmacology is essentially uncharacterised; knowledge comes from seizures, early-warning-system notifications and non-fatal and fatal intoxication reports.

4-HO-DiPT (4-hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine psychedelic first described by Alexander Shulgin. It is noted anecdotally for an unusually fast onset and short duration compared with most tryptamines. Human data are limited to Shulgin's self-experiments and user reports; there are no controlled clinical studies.

4-HO-MET (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine, Metocin) is a synthetic psychedelic tryptamine structurally analogous to psilocin, first described by Alexander Shulgin. It is used non-medically for its visual and mood-altering effects. Human data are limited to self-reports; potency, duration, and safety are poorly characterised, and inter-individual dose sensitivity is wide.

4-HO-MiPT (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine, Miprocin) is a synthetic psilocin-analogue psychedelic tryptamine described by Shulgin. It is taken non-medically for visual and entheogenic effects. Human evidence is anecdotal; potency and safety are not established, and individual dose responses differ markedly.

4-MEC is a synthetic cathinone stimulant that emerged as a mephedrone replacement after the 2010 UK ban on 4-MMC. It combines a mild entactogenic quality with a stimulant push, but human pharmacology is essentially uncharacterised and it is known mainly from seized-material analysis and non-fatal and fatal intoxication case reports.

4-MeO-PCP is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative and PCP analogue sold as a research chemical. It is markedly less potent than PCP or 3-MeO-PCP and is described as milder and more manageable, though human data are minimal and confined to anecdote.

5-MeO-MiPT (5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine, Moxy) is a synthetic psychedelic tryptamine described by Shulgin. It is used non-medically for psychedelic and tactile/body effects. Human data are anecdotal; potency and safety are not established, and dose sensitivity varies widely, with a narrow margin before overwhelming effects.

6-APB is a benzofuran entactogen structurally related to MDA, acting as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent. Marketed as 'Benzofury', it produces MDMA-like empathogenic and stimulant effects. Human data is essentially limited to user reports and case reports; a longer duration than MDMA is commonly described.

ALD-52 (1-acetyl-LSD) is a lysergamide and prodrug-type analogue of LSD, differing by an acetyl group on the indole nitrogen. It is thought to convert to LSD in the body and produces broadly LSD-like effects. Active doses are in the microgram range and it is usually taken orally or sublingually. Human data are almost entirely anecdotal.

Bentazepam is a thienodiazepine (a benzodiazepine analogue with a thiophene ring) that has seen limited use as an anxiolytic, historically in Spain. It is a GABA-A positive allosteric modulator producing anxiolysis and sedation. It is included here because it circulates on the grey market outside its limited licensed use.

Butylone (bk-MBDB) is a methylenedioxy synthetic cathinone with entactogen-stimulant effects, the beta-keto analogue of MBDB and a homologue of methylone. It circulated as an MDMA-like research chemical, with human knowledge limited to case reports and forensic data.

D2PM (diphenylprolinol, diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanol) is a piperidine/pyrrolidine-based stimulant related to the pipradrol family, sold as a legal-high stimulant. It is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor notable for a very long duration and case reports of severe, prolonged agitation and cardiovascular toxicity.

Diclazepam (chlorodiazepam) is a designer benzodiazepine and a chlorine analogue of diazepam. It is long-acting, high-potency, and sold as a research chemical with no clinical development. Effects mirror classic benzodiazepines: anxiolysis, sedation, muscle relaxation and amnesia, with a correspondingly high potential for dependence and dangerous additive respiratory depression when combined with opioids or alcohol.

Ephenidine (NEDPA) is a diarylethylamine dissociative and NMDA receptor antagonist that appeared as a research chemical in the mid-2010s. It produces dose-dependent dissociation, stimulation and anaesthesia, with human information limited to anecdote and a small number of pharmacology studies. It is typically taken orally.

Escaline is a synthetic scaline psychedelic, the 3-ethoxy analogue of mescaline. It is more potent than mescaline by weight and produces a comparable long-duration psychedelic experience, but has little formal human study.

Ethylone (bk-MDEA) is a methylenedioxy synthetic cathinone entactogen-stimulant, the beta-keto analogue of MDEA and the N-ethyl homologue of methylone. It was a common MDMA substitute in research-chemical markets, with human data limited to case reports.

Flualprazolam is a designer benzodiazepine, a fluorinated analogue of alprazolam (Xanax). It has never been a licensed medicine and appeared on the research-chemical market and in counterfeit alprazolam tablets in the late 2010s. It is potent, sedating and strongly implicated in polydrug deaths across Europe and North America.

MBDB (N-methyl-1,3-benzodioxolylbutanamine) is a homolog of MDMA studied by David Nichols as a prototypical "pure" entactogen with minimal stimulant or psychedelic character. It is more selective for serotonin release, producing emotional openness with little euphoria or energy, at the cost of feeling comparatively bland to recreational users.

N-Ethylhexedrone (hexen, NEH) is a synthetic cathinone and dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, closely related to the pyrrolidine cathinones though with an open-chain N-ethyl group. It was widely sold as a research chemical from the mid-2010s. Human pharmacology is uncharacterised; it is intensely stimulating and prone to compulsive redosing.

Naphyrone (naphthylpyrovalerone, O-2482) is a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone in the pyrovalerone family, distinguished by a naphthalene ring in place of the phenyl group. It gained notoriety after the UK mephedrone ban as 'NRG-1'. It is a potent triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor with strong compulsive potential; human data remains limited.

O-PCE (eticyclidone, 2-Oxo-PCE) is a potent, stimulating arylcyclohexylamine dissociative sold as a research chemical. It is more potent than ketamine, with a stimulating and dissociative profile similar to a stronger, shorter 3-MeO-PCP, and carries meaningful overdose and psychosis risk.

Pentedrone (alpha-methylamino-valerophenone) is a synthetic cathinone and dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor with an open-chain (non-pyrrolidine) structure. It circulated widely as a research chemical and 'bath salts' component. Human pharmacology is uncharacterised; it is a stimulant with strong redosing potential.

Pentylone is a substituted cathinone stimulant of the 'bath salts' family, structurally related to pentedrone and methylone. It combines stimulant and mild entactogenic effects and has appeared in poisonings and deaths, often mis-sold as or mixed with other cathinones. Human data is limited to case reports and forensic analysis.

Tenocyclidine (TCP) is a thiophene analogue of PCP in which the phenyl ring is replaced by a thienyl group. It is a potent NMDA receptor antagonist studied largely in preclinical pharmacology as a research tool, with essentially no controlled human data. It shares PCP's dissociative and psychotomimetic profile and is reported to be more potent.

TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine) is a mescaline-related trimethoxy amphetamine psychedelic, notably more potent than mescaline. Described by Shulgin, it produces a long, visual psychedelic experience and is uncommon as a research chemical.

Tolibut is a methylated analogue of phenibut (beta-(4-methylphenyl)-GABA) developed in the Soviet Union as an anxiolytic and analgesic with reputed neuroprotective properties. It is presumed to act as a GABA-B agonist like phenibut. Human data are almost nonexistent outside older Russian literature, and it is sold only as an obscure research chemical.

1B-LSD is a semisynthetic lysergamide, the 1-butanoyl derivative of LSD, sold as a research chemical on blotter. It is generally regarded as a prodrug or slightly less potent analogue of LSD, producing comparable psychedelic effects. Human data is limited to user reports; no clinical studies exist.

1D-LSD is a semisynthetic lysergamide bearing a 1-cyclopropanecarbonyl-related acyl group on the LSD nitrogen, distributed as a research chemical largely in Germany. It behaves as a prodrug or near-equivalent of LSD with comparable psychedelic effects. Human data is limited to user reports.

1P-ETH-LAD is a 1-propionyl prodrug of ETH-LAD (6-ethyl-6-nor-LSD), combining the 1-acyl prodrug approach with the notably potent ETH-LAD base. It is presumed to yield ETH-LAD in the body, producing a strong, sometimes body-load-heavy psychedelic experience. It is uncharacterised in humans beyond anecdote.

2C-T-2 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine) is a sulphur-containing member of the 2C series. Like other 2C-T compounds it produces psychedelic effects with a pronounced body load and is associated with vasoconstriction. It has been linked to fatalities, particularly when combined with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Human data are limited to case reports and anecdote.

2C-T-7 (2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylthiophenethylamine) is a sulphur-containing 2C psychedelic that gained notoriety after several deaths in the early 2000s, some involving insufflation or MAOI combination. It produces long-lasting psychedelic effects with a heavy body load and vasoconstriction. Human data come from case reports and anecdote only.

4-Fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA) is the para-fluoro analogue of methamphetamine, reported as a euphoric but harsh stimulant with a pronounced comedown. It is less favoured than 2-FMA. Human data is limited to anecdote and analytical reports.

5-APB is a benzofuran positional isomer of 6-APB and a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent producing MDMA-like entactogenic effects. It circulated alongside 6-APB in 'Benzofury' products. Human evidence is confined to user reports and toxicological case data.

5-MeO-AMT (5-methoxy-alpha-methyltryptamine) is a potent, long-acting synthetic tryptamine. It combines the alpha-methyl group (which confers stimulant and MAOI-like properties and metabolic resistance) with a 5-methoxy group. It is active at very small oral doses, has a narrow margin between active and toxic doses, and has been linked to serious poisonings and deaths.

Bromazolam is a designer triazolobenzodiazepine, the brominated analogue of alprazolam. First synthesised in the 1970s but never marketed as a medicine, it re-emerged as one of the most commonly detected designer benzodiazepines in the 2020s, frequently in counterfeit tablets and in combination with fentanyl in overdose deaths.

ETH-LAD (6-ethyl-6-nor-LSD) is a lysergamide analogue of LSD in which the N6 methyl group is replaced by ethyl. It is somewhat more potent than LSD and reported to be more visual, with a notable body load and vasoconstriction. Active doses are in the microgram range. Human data are almost entirely anecdotal.

Flubromazepam is a designer benzodiazepine with an exceptionally long half-life, first synthesised in 1960 but never developed clinically. A single dose can produce measurable effects and impairment for days. Sold as a research chemical, its very slow elimination makes accumulation, prolonged sedation, dependence and additive respiratory depression with opioids or alcohol its defining hazards.

MBZP (1-methyl-4-benzylpiperazine) is a benzylpiperazine analogue used recreationally as a mild stimulant, often as a party pill component. It is weaker than BZP with sparse human data.

MeOPP (para-methoxyphenylpiperazine) is a serotonergic phenylpiperazine that appeared as a minor party pill component. It is weakly active with little euphoria and sparse human data.

N-Ethylpentylone (ephylone) is a long-acting methylenedioxy synthetic cathinone stimulant implicated in multiple mass-overdose events after being mis-sold as MDMA. Its long duration and strong dopaminergic action make redosing and toxicity particularly dangerous.

pFPP (para-fluorophenylpiperazine) is a serotonergic phenylpiperazine sold as a minor party pill ingredient. It is mild and predominantly serotonergic, with limited recreational value and sparse human data.

PRO-LAD (6-propyl-6-nor-LSD) is an LSD analogue with a propyl group at the N6 position. It is a potent psychedelic of roughly LSD-like potency, described in early structure-activity research but essentially uncharacterised in humans beyond anecdote.

Proscaline is the 3-propoxy analogue of mescaline, a synthetic scaline psychedelic documented in PiHKAL. It is more potent than mescaline and produces a long visual and euphoric experience, with minimal formal human study.

Pyrazolam is a designer triazolobenzodiazepine structurally related to alprazolam and bromazepam. It is primarily anxiolytic with comparatively little sedation or euphoria, and is notable for not being metabolised into other active benzodiazepines. Sold as a research chemical, it still carries benzodiazepine dependence risk and dangerous additive respiratory depression with opioids or alcohol.

1cP-MiPLA is a 1-cyclopropanoyl prodrug of MiPLA, combining the 1-acyl prodrug strategy of 1cP-LSD with the milder MiPLA parent. It is presumed to hydrolyse to MiPLA in the body and is essentially uncharacterised outside user reports.

2-Aminoindane (2-AI) is a conformationally constrained amphetamine analogue in which the side chain is locked into a rigid indane ring. It is a noradrenaline-dominant stimulant sold as a research chemical, with limited older pharmacological literature but essentially no modern human safety data.

2-FMA is a ring-fluorinated analogue of methamphetamine marketed as a functional research-chemical stimulant valued anecdotally for clean, focus-oriented effects with less euphoria. Despite popularity in nootropic circles, it has essentially no human safety data and carries the cardiovascular and dependence risks of substituted amphetamines.

2-MMC (2-methylmethcathinone) is a positional isomer of mephedrone with the methyl group at the ortho position. It appeared on the research-chemical market as a non-controlled alternative to 3-MMC and 4-MMC. Human pharmacology is essentially unknown; it is one of the least-studied cathinones in wide circulation.

2C-P (2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylphenethylamine) is one of the most potent and longest-lasting members of the 2C phenethylamine series. Active doses are small and the margin between a strong experience and an overwhelming one is narrow, making accurate dosing especially difficult. Effects can last 10-16 hours. There are no controlled human studies; all information is anecdotal or drawn from PiHKAL.

3-MeO-PCE (methoxieticyclidine) is a potent, highly stimulating arylcyclohexylamine dissociative sold as a research chemical. It is reported as one of the more manic and psychosis-prone dissociatives, with very little human data.

3C-E is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the scaline family, the alpha-methylated (amphetamine) homologue of escaline. It is potent, deeply psychedelic and long-acting, with a reputation for intensity and little formal human study.

4-AcO-DiPT (4-acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine sold as a research chemical. It is the acetate ester of 4-HO-DiPT and is generally assumed to act as a prodrug for it, analogous to how 4-AcO-DMT relates to psilocin. Human data are limited to anecdotal reports with no controlled studies.

4-AcO-MET (4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine and presumed prodrug of 4-HO-MET, deacetylated to the active psilocin analogue. It is used non-medically as a psychedelic. Human data are anecdotal; potency, kinetics and safety are uncharacterised and dose responses vary widely.

4-CMA (para-chloromethamphetamine, PCMA) is a ring-chlorinated methamphetamine analogue and potent serotonin-releasing agent. Unlike the beta-keto cathinones, it is a non-ketone amphetamine, but it circulated in the same research-chemical niche. It is notable for marked serotonergic neurotoxicity in animals and a high serotonin-syndrome risk, with essentially no legitimate human use.

4-FMP (4-fluorophenmetrazine, 4-FPM) is a fluorinated phenmetrazine analogue and research-chemical stimulant. It is reported as a functional, balanced stimulant, but human pharmacological data is minimal.

4-Methylmethamphetamine (4-MMA) is a ring-methylated methamphetamine analogue with substantial serotonin-releasing activity. Its pharmacology resembles the para-methylated 'toxic' amphetamines (PMA/PMMA family in effect profile), and it has been associated with serotonergic toxicity and deaths. Human data is very limited.

5-MAPB is the N-methyl benzofuran analogue of 5-APB and a structural counterpart to MDMA. It acts as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releaser and is described as one of the more MDMA-like benzofurans. Human evidence is limited to user reports and case data.

Allylescaline (AL) is the 3-allyloxy analogue of mescaline, a synthetic scaline psychedelic from PiHKAL. It is potent, visually strong and long-acting, and has circulated as a grey-market research chemical with little formal human study.

alpha-PBP (alpha-pyrrolidinobutiophenone) is a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone in the pyrovalerone family, a shorter-chain homologue of alpha-PVP. Sold as a research chemical, it is a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor with strong compulsive potential. Human data is minimal and all information is anecdotal.

alpha-PHP (alpha-pyrrolidinohexiophenone) is a pyrrolidine cathinone and dopamine/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, the hexyl homologue of alpha-PVP. It spread as an alpha-PVP replacement after that compound was scheduled. Human pharmacology is essentially uncharacterised; it shares the potent, highly compulsive profile of the pyrrolidine cathinone class.

Clonazolam (clonitrazolam) is a triazolo analogue of clonazepam and one of the most potent designer benzodiazepines known, with effects reported at doses as low as ~0.5 mg. Its extreme potency makes accurate dosing without laboratory equipment effectively impossible, and it is associated with prolonged sedation, dense amnesia and overdose.

DBZP (1,4-dibenzylpiperazine) is a minor piperazine that appears mainly as a synthesis by-product and adulterant in BZP-based party pills. It is a weak stimulant with almost no dedicated human data.

DiPT (N,N-diisopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine described by Shulgin that is unusual for producing predominantly auditory rather than visual effects, notably a downward shift and distortion of perceived pitch. It is used non-medically. Human data are anecdotal; potency and safety are uncharacterised, with wide individual dose variation.

DOC (2,5-dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine) is a potent, very long-acting psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx family. Active in the low-milligram range with durations that can exceed 12-24 hours, it is known for strong visuals, marked stimulation and body load, and a long tail that makes dosing errors especially punishing.

Flephedrone (4-fluoromethcathinone) is the 4-fluoro analogue of methcathinone, a stimulant research chemical that circulated in the early 2010s grey market. It has a coarser, more purely stimulant profile than mephedrone and essentially no human safety data beyond case reports.

Fonazepam, also known as 3-fluorophenazepam, is a designer benzodiazepine structurally derived from phenazepam. It is sold as a research chemical and reported to be long-acting and potent, producing sedation, anxiolysis and amnesia. No clinical human data exists; information is limited to analytical characterisation and user reports.

Isopropylphenidate (IPPH) is an isopropyl ester analogue of methylphenidate marketed as a research chemical stimulant. It is reported as a longer-acting, more functional and less compulsive phenidate than ethylphenidate. Human data is essentially anecdotal.

LSM-775 is a lysergamide in which the diethylamide of LSD is replaced by a morpholide group. It is a lesser-known psychedelic reported to be shorter-acting and somewhat less potent than LSD, with a more sedated character. Human information is very limited and largely historical or anecdotal.

Meclonazepam is a designer benzodiazepine originally investigated in the 1970s as an antiparasitic (schistosomicidal) agent. It is a methylated analogue of clonazepam with strong sedative, anxiolytic and muscle-relaxant activity. Sold as a research chemical, it carries the benzodiazepine class risks of dependence and additive respiratory depression with opioids or alcohol.

MMAI (5-methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindane) is an aminoindane developed as a highly selective serotonin-releasing agent with essentially no dopamine release. It is a research tool producing MDMA-like empathogenic effects without classical stimulation or euphoria. Human data is minimal.

MXPr (methoxpropamine) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative and homologue of methoxetamine, differing by an N-propyl group. It is sold as a research chemical and reported to be less potent than MXE with a longer duration; human data are almost nonexistent.

Norfludiazepam (norflurazepam) is a long-acting designer benzodiazepine and an active metabolite of several licensed benzodiazepines including flurazepam and fludiazepam. It is sold as a research chemical and produces prolonged sedation and anxiolysis.

Eticyclidine (PCE, N-ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative closely related to PCP, differing by an N-ethyl rather than piperidine group. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist with a dissociative, psychotomimetic profile and only anecdotal human data. It appeared as a grey-market research chemical and is controlled in many jurisdictions.

Troparil is a phenyltropane, a synthetic cocaine analogue developed as a research tool that acts as a potent, longer-lasting dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It has appeared on research-chemical markets as a cocaine-like stimulant, with extensive preclinical but essentially no human safety data.

2-Oxo-PCE (eticyclidone, O-PCE) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative closely related to eticyclidine, bearing a ketone group analogous to the ketamine series. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist that appeared as a research chemical in the 2010s. Human data are anecdotal, describing a potent, relatively short dissociative.

2C-T-4 is a 2C-T-series psychedelic phenethylamine with a 4-isopropylthio group. It is potent and long-acting with a strong visual and introspective profile, and — like other 2C-T thioethers — carries a specific risk of dangerous interaction with MAOIs.

4-AcO-DPT is the 4-acetoxy ester of DPT, presumed to act as a prodrug for 4-HO-DPT. It is a psychedelic research chemical reported to give a psilocybin-like experience with a distinct character. No formal human data exists.

4-AcO-MiPT (4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine and presumed prodrug of 4-HO-MiPT. It is used non-medically as a psychedelic. Human evidence is anecdotal only; potency, pharmacokinetics and safety are uncharacterised, with wide individual variation in dose response.

4-EMC (4-ethylmethcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant closely related to mephedrone, differing by an ethyl rather than methyl substituent on the aromatic ring. It surfaced on the research-chemical market as a legal-grey alternative to banned cathinones. Human data is essentially absent; reported effects are entirely anecdotal and describe a milder, more empathogenic and less euphoric profile than mephedrone.

4F-MPH is a fluorinated analogue of methylphenidate (Ritalin) sold as a research chemical, reported to be more potent and longer-lasting than the parent drug. It is a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor with high abuse potential and essentially no human safety data.

4-HO-MPT (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-propyltryptamine) is a lesser-known synthetic tryptamine psychedelic and a close structural relative of psilocin, differing by asymmetric N-methyl/N-propyl substitution. It exists almost entirely in the grey-market research chemical space with only scattered anecdotal reports and essentially no formal human data.

4F-PVP (4'-fluoro-alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone) is a fluorinated analogue of alpha-PVP, a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone sold as a research chemical. It is a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor with strong compulsive potential. Human data is essentially absent and all information is anecdotal.

5-APDB is a benzofuran/dihydrofuran entactogen, the dihydro analog of 5-APB and a close relative of MDA. It produces MDMA-like emotional openness with a relatively serotonergic, less stimulating profile. Human data are essentially absent; it carries the serotonergic neurotoxicity, hyperthermia, and serotonin-syndrome concerns of the MDMA class.

6-APDB is a dihydrobenzofuran entactogen, the 2,3-dihydro analogue of 6-APB and a close relative of MDA. It acts as a serotonin-preferring monoamine releaser. Human data is minimal, limited to user reports and structural inference.

6-MAPB is the N-methyl analogue of 6-APB and a benzofuran counterpart to MDMA. It is a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releaser producing entactogenic effects with a long duration. Human evidence is limited to user reports.

Buphedrone is a synthetic cathinone stimulant, the alpha-ethyl homologue of methcathinone, sold as a research chemical in the early 2010s. It is reported as a longer, more stimulating and less euphoric relative of mephedrone, with essentially no clinical data.

Desalkylflurazepam is a long-acting benzodiazepine, chemically identical to norflurazepam, that is both a major active metabolite of flurazepam and a standalone designer benzodiazepine on the research-chemical market. It is a GABA-A positive allosteric modulator with a very long half-life, so effects and impairment accumulate over successive doses.

Difludiazepam is a potent designer benzodiazepine bearing two fluorine substituents, sold as a research chemical. It produces the sedative, anxiolytic and amnestic effects of the class and is reported to be strong by weight. It has no clinical human characterisation; information is limited to analytical work and user reports.

Flubromazolam is a highly potent, long-acting designer triazolobenzodiazepine. Active in the sub-milligram range and with a long duration, it is associated with extended, sometimes days-long sedation and with serious poisonings, including a well-documented case of prolonged coma. It has never been a licensed medicine.

Fluclotizolam is a thienotriazolodiazepine designer benzodiazepine, closely related to clotizolam and etizolam. It is sold as a research chemical and reported to be extremely potent by weight, active in the low microgram-to-milligram range. There is no clinical human data; information comes from analytical work and user reports.

Isoproscaline is the 3-isopropoxy analogue of mescaline, a scaline psychedelic from PiHKAL. It is potent and long-acting, with an unusual reported effect profile weighted toward tactile and emotional rather than visual changes, and very little human data.

MDPPP (3',4'-methylenedioxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone) is a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone combining a methylenedioxy ring with a pyrrolidine core. Sold as a research chemical since the 2000s, it is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Human data is minimal and all effect information is anecdotal.

Methallylescaline (MAL) is a synthetic scaline psychedelic, the 3-methallyloxy analogue of mescaline. It is potent and long-acting with a strongly visual, sometimes stimulating profile, and has minimal human study.

Methamnetamine (MNA, methylnaphetamine) is the N-methylated analogue of naphthylaminopropane, a stimulant-entactogen with a large naphthalene ring in place of the amphetamine benzene ring. It is a potent triple monoamine releaser sold as a research chemical, with negligible human data.

Methedrone (4-methoxymethcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant-entactogen that appeared in the mephedrone era and is notable for its early association with fatal intoxications in Scandinavia. Human data is limited to toxicology case reports.

Methylnaphthidate (HDMP-28) is a naphthyl analogue of methylphenidate in which the phenyl ring is replaced by a naphthalene ring. It is a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor stimulant sold as a research chemical, with essentially no human safety data.

Metizolam (desmethyletizolam) is a thienotriazolodiazepine designer benzodiazepine and a metabolite/analogue of etizolam. It has essentially no clinical study in humans and is sold only as a research chemical. It produces sedation, anxiolysis and amnesia typical of the class.

MiPT (N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine described by Shulgin, reported to produce predominantly cognitive and emotional effects with comparatively few visuals. It is used non-medically. Human data are anecdotal; potency and safety are uncharacterised, with wide individual dose variation.

MPBP (4'-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinobutiophenone) is a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone stimulant, structurally related to the pyrovalerone/PVP family. Sold as a research chemical, it acts as a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Human data is minimal; anecdotal reports describe strong, compulsive stimulation typical of the pyrrolidinophenone class.

MPHP (4'-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexiophenone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant of the pyrrolidinophenone family, a longer-chain, ring-methylated relative of pyrovalerone and alpha-PVP. It circulated as a research chemical with no approved use. Human data is essentially absent; reported effects are anecdotal and describe a potent, long-lasting stimulant with heavy redose pressure.

N-Ethylnorpentylone (ephylone, N-ethylpentylone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant of the methylenedioxy-substituted series, the N-ethyl homologue of pentylone. It spread widely as an adulterant sold as 'MDMA' or in mislabelled products and has been implicated in mass-overdose events. Human pharmacology is largely uncharacterised; reported effects are anecdotal and describe a long, stimulating, entactogen-like profile with severe redose pressure.

Norflurazepam is a long-acting designer benzodiazepine and an active metabolite shared by several licensed benzodiazepines, including flurazepam. It has appeared as a standalone research chemical. Like other benzodiazepines it is a positive allosteric modulator at GABA-A receptors, producing sedation, anxiolysis and muscle relaxation, with a long half-life that favours accumulation on repeated dosing.

2-CMC (2-chloromethcathinone, clophedrone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant, the ortho-chloro isomer of the halogenated methcathinone series that includes 4-CMC. It circulated widely as a research chemical after mephedrone bans. Human pharmacology is uncharacterised; reported effects are anecdotal and describe a stimulating, functional profile with a strong redose pull.

2-Fluoroamphetamine (2-FA) is a fluorinated amphetamine analogue sold as a research chemical stimulant. Its effect profile is described anecdotally as close to that of dextroamphetamine, with fewer euphoric and more functional/stimulant qualities. There is essentially no human pharmacological or safety data.

25B-NBOMe is an N-benzyl phenethylamine psychedelic, the 25-NB derivative of 2C-B. It is an extremely potent serotonin 5-HT2A agonist active in the low-hundred-microgram range. Sold on blotter and frequently misrepresented as LSD, it carries a narrow safety margin, marked vasoconstriction and a documented history of hospitalisations and fatalities.

2C-H (2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is the unsubstituted parent of the 2C phenethylamine family. It is largely inactive as a psychedelic in humans and is chiefly encountered as a synthetic precursor to compounds like 2C-B and 2C-I.

2C-T-21 is a 2-fluoroethylthio member of the 2C-T family. Reported by Shulgin as a moderately potent psychedelic with stimulant colouring, it has appeared sporadically as a research chemical with no safety characterisation.

2C-TFM is a 2C-family psychedelic phenethylamine bearing a 4-trifluoromethyl group. It is potent and stimulating with a long duration, and is among the more obscure and poorly-characterised 2C compounds.

3-CEC (3-chloroethcathinone) is the meta-chloro positional isomer of 4-CEC, a synthetic cathinone stimulant sold as a research chemical. It is very poorly characterised, known mainly from forensic seizures.

3-Cl-PCP (3-chlorophencyclidine) is a chlorinated analogue of PCP that appeared on the research-chemical market in the 2010s. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist reported to be potent and long-acting, with essentially no formal human data. User reports and its structural relationship to PCP point to comparatively high toxicity and agitation risk.

3-EMC (3-ethylmethcathinone) is the meta-substituted isomer of 4-EMC, a synthetic cathinone sold as a research chemical. Like other meta cathinone isomers it is reported to be more stimulating and less entactogenic than its para counterpart. No human pharmacology has been formally characterised, and all effect and dose information is anecdotal.

3-Fluoroethamphetamine (3-FEA) is a fluorinated N-ethyl amphetamine, structurally related to the fluoroamphetamines and fluoroethamphetamine series. It is reported as a stimulant with mild entactogenic character. Human data is essentially absent, making it one of the least-characterised compounds in this set.

3,4-DMMC (3,4-dimethylmethcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant, a dimethyl ring-substituted analogue of methcathinone closely related to mephedrone. It appeared on the research-chemical market as a legal-grey alternative to banned cathinones. Human data is essentially absent; reported effects are anecdotal and describe a stimulating, mildly euphoric profile with a strong redose pull.

3C-P is a psychedelic phenethylamine, the alpha-methylated homologue of proscaline and a higher homologue of 3C-E. It is potent and long-acting with a strongly visual profile, and is among the least-studied scalines.

4-CDC (4-chlorodimethcathinone) is a ring-chlorinated, N,N-dimethyl synthetic cathinone stimulant sold as a research chemical. It is one of the least studied cathinones, known almost exclusively from forensic analysis.

4-CEC (4-chloroethcathinone) is a ring-chlorinated synthetic cathinone stimulant that appeared as a designer replacement for banned cathinones. Human pharmacology is essentially unknown, documented only through forensic and case-report data.

4-FMA (para-fluoromethamphetamine) is a ring-fluorinated methamphetamine analogue that has appeared on research-chemical markets. The para-fluoro substitution tends to add serotonergic character to fluoroamphetamines, raising concern for serotonin toxicity in addition to standard stimulant risks. Human data is minimal.

4-HO-DPT (4-hydroxy-N,N-dipropyltryptamine) is a synthetic psilocin-analogue psychedelic tryptamine described by Shulgin. It is used non-medically for its psychedelic effects. Human evidence is anecdotal and sparse; potency, kinetics and safety are essentially uncharacterised, with wide individual dose variation.

4-MMA (4-methylmethamphetamine) is a ring-methylated methamphetamine with a strongly serotonergic, entactogen-like profile. It is notably more dangerous than its recreational reputation suggests, having been implicated in fatalities linked to hyperthermia and serotonin toxicity. Human data are limited to case reports.

4-MPD (4-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexanophenone-adjacent; commonly 4-methyl-pentedrone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant sold as a research chemical. It combines a 4-methyl ring substituent with a pentedrone-like backbone. Human data is absent; anecdotal reports describe a functional, moderately euphoric stimulant with pronounced redosing.

4'-Chlorodiazepam (Ro5-4864) is a chlorinated diazepam analogue best known in research as a selective ligand of the translocator protein (TSPO, the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor) rather than a classical CNS benzodiazepine. Unlike diazepam it has weak activity at the central GABA-A benzodiazepine site and in animals can be convulsant rather than anticonvulsant.

5-APDI (5-(2-aminopropyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene), also called IAP, is an aminoindane-related compound reported to act as a relatively balanced or serotonin-favouring monoamine releaser. It is largely uncharacterised in humans and circulated only briefly as a research chemical.

5-EAPB is a benzofuran entactogen-stimulant, the N-ethyl homologue of 5-APB, sold as a research chemical after benzofurans like 6-APB were controlled. It is a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releaser/reuptake inhibitor with MDMA-like effects, minimal human data, and cardiovascular plus serotonergic risk.

5-IAI (5-iodo-2-aminoindane) is an aminoindane entactogen and serotonin-releasing agent related to MDAI. It was investigated as a research tool and appeared briefly on the grey market. Human data is almost nonexistent, confined to scattered user reports.

5-MeO-DET is the 5-methoxy diethyl tryptamine, an analog of 5-MeO-DMT. It is a psychedelic research chemical reported to be milder and longer than 5-MeO-DMT. No formal human data exists.

5-MeO-MET (5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine) is a synthetic tryptamine research chemical combining a 5-methoxy group with asymmetric N-methyl/N-ethyl substitution. It is a member of the 5-methoxy tryptamine family and is reported to be shorter-acting and milder than many relatives. Human data are limited to anecdote with no controlled studies.

alpha-PiHP (alpha-pyrrolidinoisohexanophenone) is a synthetic cathinone of the pyrrolidinophenone family, a positional isomer of alpha-PHP marketed as a designer stimulant after older pyrovalerones were scheduled. It acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Human pharmacology is essentially uncharacterised; nearly all information is anecdotal or derived from forensic casework and analogy to alpha-PVP.

BDB (1,3-benzodioxolylbutanamine) is the primary-amine, alpha-ethyl homolog of MDA and the N-desmethyl counterpart of MBDB. It is a serotonin-selective entactogen studied by David Nichols, producing MDMA-like emotional openness with minimal stimulation and little euphoria. Human data are minimal.

bk-2C-B (beta-keto 2C-B, code DL-4662) is the cathinone-class beta-keto analogue of the phenethylamine psychedelic 2C-B. Structurally a cathinone by virtue of its beta-keto group, it is sold as a research chemical and reported to combine mild stimulation with faint psychedelic character. Human data is absent; all information is anecdotal.

CE-LAD is a novel lysergamide research chemical, a substituted LAD-series analogue of LSD sold on blotter. It is very new and poorly characterised, reported to produce LSD-like psychedelic effects. Essentially all information comes from a small number of user reports.

Deschloroetizolam is a thienotriazolodiazepine designer benzodiazepine, the dechlorinated analogue of etizolam. It is markedly less potent than etizolam but shares the same sedative, anxiolytic and amnestic profile. There is no formal human clinical data.

Dibutylone (bk-DMBDB) is a methylenedioxy synthetic cathinone stimulant-entactogen that appeared as a designer replacement for butylone and other banned cathinones. Human pharmacology is essentially unknown, with only forensic and case-report data.

Dimethylpentylone (also sold as 'dipentylone'; a dimethylamino methylenedioxy pentanophenone cathinone) is a recent synthetic cathinone that surged in seized-drug surveillance from around 2022-2023, frequently mis-sold as MDMA or eutylone. It is one of the least-characterised cathinones in current circulation, with human pharmacology essentially unknown.

DMMDA (2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine) is a hybrid amphetamine psychedelic combining features of the DOx and MDA lineages. Shulgin reported a mescaline-like, moderately potent experience of long duration, with very limited human data.

Ethylescaline (4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, EscEt) is a scaline mescaline analogue in which the 4-methoxy of mescaline is replaced by an ethoxy group. Shulgin reported a clear, longer-lasting psychedelic somewhat more potent than mescaline.

Fluorexetamine (FXE) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative in the methoxetamine/ketamine family that emerged as a research chemical around 2020. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist producing dose-dependent dissociation and anaesthesia, with a longer duration than ketamine. Human data are anecdotal, and bladder toxicity is a plausible class-shared concern.

Fluorolintane (2-F-DPD) is a fluorinated diarylethylamine dissociative related to diphenidine, appearing as a research chemical in the late 2010s. It is presumed to act as an NMDA receptor antagonist producing dose-dependent dissociation and anaesthesia. There is essentially no formal human data, and its profile is inferred from diphenidine and anecdote.

Hydroxetamine (HXE) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative in the ketamine/methoxetamine family that appeared as a research chemical in the late 2010s. It is an NMDA receptor antagonist producing dose-dependent dissociation and anaesthesia. Human information is anecdotal, and bladder toxicity is a plausible concern shared with related ketamine-type dissociatives.

MDPHP is a pyrrolidine cathinone and potent dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor - functionally a stimulant, not an empathogen, despite the methylenedioxy ring. It is closely related to MDPV and pyrovalerone. Human data is limited to case reports and forensic toxicology, and its stimulant/compulsive-use profile is the dominant hazard.

MET is a short-acting psychedelic tryptamine and the N-methyl-N-ethyl analog of DMT/DET. It sits between DMT and DET in structure and is generally reported to require injection or smoking for full effect. Essentially no formal human research exists; knowledge is anecdotal.

MOPVP (4'-methoxy-alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone) is a pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone in the alpha-PVP family, bearing a methoxy substituent on the aromatic ring. Sold as a research chemical, it acts as a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor. There is essentially no human data; all information is anecdotal.

Nifoxipam (3-hydroxyflunitrazepam) is a designer benzodiazepine and an active metabolite of flunitrazepam. It has strong hypnotic and anxiolytic activity and is sold as a research chemical with essentially no human study data. It carries the standard benzodiazepine hazards of dependence and additive respiratory depression with opioids or alcohol.

Zapizolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine designer drug related to alprazolam, sold as a research chemical. It produces sedation, anxiolysis and amnesia and is reported to be potent by weight. It has no clinical human characterisation; information is limited to analytical detection and user reports.

25I-NBOH is a potent serotonergic psychedelic, the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-I. Active in the sub-milligram to low milligram range and usually taken sublingually or on blotter, it is the hydroxy analogue of the notorious 25I-NBOMe. Human data is limited to anecdotal reports and forensic case work; its narrow margin between active and harmful doses makes accidental overdose a genuine risk.

2C-T-8 is a cyclopropylmethylthio member of the 2C-T sulfur-substituted phenethylamine series. Shulgin reported a clear-headed psychedelic effect at moderate doses, but human use is scarce and no safety data exist.

4-AcO-EPT is the 4-acetoxy ester of EPT, presumed to act as a prodrug for 4-HO-EPT. It is an obscure psychedelic research chemical reported to be psilocybin-like. No formal human data exists.

4-Fluoroethamphetamine (4-FEA) is a para-fluorinated N-ethyl amphetamine. Like other 4-fluoro substituted amphetamines it is reported to carry more entactogenic, serotonergic character than the 2-fluoro isomers, but it remains almost entirely uncharacterised in humans.

4-HO-EPT is the 4-hydroxy N-ethyl-N-propyl psilocin analog, an obscure psychedelic tryptamine sold as a research chemical. It reportedly gives a psilocybin-like experience. No formal human data exists.

4-MePPP (4'-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant of the pyrrolidinophenone family, a short-chain ring-methylated relative of alpha-PPP and MDPPP. It circulated as an early research chemical alongside the first-generation pyrrolidinophenones. Human pharmacology is uncharacterised; reported effects are anecdotal and describe a shorter, milder stimulant than the longer-chain pyrros.

alpha-PBT (alpha-pyrrolidinobutiothiophenone) is a thiophene-based pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone, replacing the phenyl ring of alpha-PBP with a thiophene ring. Sold as a research chemical, it is presumed to act as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Human data is essentially absent and all information is anecdotal.

Brephedrone (4-BMC, 4-bromomethcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant, the para-bromo halogenated analogue of methcathinone in the same series as flephedrone and clephedrone. It circulated as a research chemical with no approved use. Human pharmacology is uncharacterised; reported effects are anecdotal and describe a moderate, somewhat harsh stimulant.

Bromo-DragonFLY (bromo-benzodifuranyl-isopropylamine) is an extremely potent and extremely long-acting serotonergic psychedelic. It is active in the microgram range, can last one to several days, and is associated with severe, prolonged peripheral vasoconstriction that has caused limb ischaemia, gangrene and amputations, as well as seizures and deaths. It is one of the most dangerous psychedelics documented and has no established safe dose.

Cloniprazepam is a designer benzodiazepine, the N-cyclopropylmethyl analogue of clonazepam. It is a potent, long-acting sedative and anxiolytic with no clinical study in humans, sold only as a research chemical.

HDMP-28, also called ethylnaphthidate, is a naphthyl analogue of methylphenidate first studied as a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor in the 1990s and later appearing on research-chemical markets. It is markedly more potent than methylphenidate at the dopamine transporter in preclinical work, with essentially no human safety data.

MMDA (3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine) is a Shulgin-explored amphetamine psychedelic with entactogenic character, a methoxy-substituted analog of MDA. It produces emotional openness with dreamy, sedating psychedelic effects and eyes-closed imagery. Human data are limited to early self-experiment reports.

Nitrazolam is a triazolo designer benzodiazepine structurally related to alprazolam, distinguished by a nitro group. It has no medical use and appears only as a research chemical. Like other triazolobenzodiazepines it is a potent GABA-A positive allosteric modulator producing strong sedation and anxiolysis, often active at sub-milligram to low-milligram doses.

PV-8 (alpha-pyrrolidinoheptiophenone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant of the pyrrolidinophenone family, a longer seven-carbon chain homologue of alpha-PVP. It appeared on the research-chemical market as a successor to banned pyrrolidinophenones. Human pharmacology is uncharacterised; reported effects are anecdotal and describe a potent, long-lasting stimulant with heavy redose pressure.

TH-PVP (3',4'-tetramethylene-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone; also read as a tetrahydronaphthalene-fused PVP) is a fused-ring pyrrolidine synthetic cathinone related to alpha-PVP and naphyrone. Sold as a research chemical, it is presumed to be a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Human data is essentially absent and all information is anecdotal.

1P-AL-LAD is a proposed 1-propionyl prodrug of AL-LAD (6-allyl-nor-LSD), combining the N1-propionyl modification of 1P-LSD with the allyl-substituted lysergamide AL-LAD. It is an extremely obscure research lysergamide with negligible human data.

2-Fluoroethamphetamine (2-FEA) is the N-ethyl homologue of 2-fluoroamphetamine, sold briefly as a research-chemical stimulant. It is essentially uncharacterised in humans and is described anecdotally as a milder, longer stimulant.

25B-NBOH is a potent serotonergic psychedelic phenethylamine, the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-B. Active in the low milligram to sub-milligram range, it is usually taken sublingually or buccally because it is poorly absorbed orally. Human data is limited to anecdotal reports and forensic case work; no controlled clinical studies exist, and its narrow margin between active and toxic doses makes accidental overdose a real hazard.

25C-NBOH is a potent serotonergic psychedelic, the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-C. Active in the sub-milligram to low milligram range and usually taken sublingually or on blotter, it is the hydroxy analogue of 25C-NBOMe. Human data is limited to anecdotal reports and forensic case work; its narrow safety margin makes accidental overdose a real hazard.

25D-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-D, a potent 5-HT2A agonist psychedelic active in the sub-milligram range. Like the rest of the NBOMe family it is orally inactive, taken sublingually, and shares the series' narrow safety margin and vasoconstrictive, seizure-prone toxicity profile.

25E-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) analogue of 2C-E, a highly potent 5-HT2A agonist psychedelic. Active in the microgram-to-sub-milligram range and orally inactive, it shares the NBOMe series' steep dose-response curve, strong vasoconstriction and seizure risk.

25I-NBF is a potent serotonergic psychedelic, the N-(2-fluorobenzyl) analogue of 2C-I and a close relative of 25I-NBOMe. Active in the low milligram to sub-milligram range and typically taken sublingually or on blotter. Human data is essentially limited to anecdotal reports; the compound is very poorly studied, and its narrow safety margin combined with strong vasoconstriction makes it dangerous.

25P-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-P, one of the more potent 2C compounds. It is a strong, long-acting 5-HT2A agonist psychedelic active in the microgram range, orally inactive, and carries the NBOMe class hazards of narrow margin, vasoconstriction and seizures.

2C-N is the 4-nitro member of the 2C phenethylamine family. Shulgin reported it as weakly active with a muted, largely uninteresting profile, and it remains among the least-used and least-studied 2C compounds.

2C-T (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylthiophenethylamine) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C series first described by Alexander Shulgin in PiHKAL. It is the parent sulfur-substituted 2C compound, related to 2C-T-2 and 2C-T-7. Human data is limited to self-experiments and anecdotal reports; there are no controlled studies.

2C-T-13 is a 2-methoxyethylthio 2C-T analogue described by Shulgin as a gentle, insightful psychedelic. It is obscure, rarely encountered, and has no safety data.

3-HO-PCE (3-hydroxyeticyclidine) is a novel arylcyclohexylamine dissociative research chemical, the 3-hydroxy analogue of eticyclidine (PCE). It is a potent NMDA antagonist with additional opioid-receptor activity reported for the 3-hydroxy PCP-type structures, and it has essentially no formal human study.

4-Me-PVP is a ring-methylated analogue of alpha-PVP within the pyrrolidinophenone cathinone family, offered as a designer stimulant. Like its parent it is presumed to be a potent norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor with high abuse potential and no meaningful human safety data.

4-MTMC (4-methylthiomethcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant bearing a methylthio group at the para position of the aromatic ring. It is a niche research-chemical analogue of methcathinone with essentially no published human pharmacology. All reported effects are anecdotal and describe a mephedrone-like stimulant character.

5-MAPDB is the N-methyl homolog of 5-APDB, standing in the same relation to it as MDMA does to MDA. It is a serotonin-preferring benzofuran entactogen with almost no human data. It carries the serotonergic neurotoxicity, hyperthermia, and serotonin-syndrome concerns typical of the MDMA class.

5-MeO-MDA (3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine) is a psychedelic-leaning phenethylamine straddling the entactogen and hallucinogen categories. Structurally an MDA analog with an added methoxy group, it is reported to combine empathogenic warmth with more psychedelic character. Human data are minimal.

5-MeO-pyr-T is a 5-methoxytryptamine in which the terminal nitrogen is part of a pyrrolidine ring. Documented in Shulgin's TIHKAL as active, it is a rare psychedelic research chemical with minimal human data.

alpha-D2PV (alpha-di(2-thienyl)pyrrolidinopentane, or a dihydro/dithienyl pyrrolidinovalerophenone analogue) is a niche synthetic cathinone-type stimulant of the pyrrolidinophenone family, structurally related to alpha-PVP with a modified aromatic system. It has essentially no published human pharmacology; reported effects are anecdotal and describe a potent, focused stimulant with heavy redose pressure.

DMXE (deoxymethoxetamine, a 3-methoxy analogue in the MXE/PCE family) is a dissociative research chemical closely related to methoxetamine. Like other arylcyclohexylamines it acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist, producing dissociation, analgesia and, at higher doses, immersive dissociative states. Human safety data are minimal.

DOBU (2,5-dimethoxy-4-butylamphetamine) is a longer alkyl-chain member of the DOx amphetamine psychedelics. Shulgin found it markedly weaker than shorter-chain analogues like DOM, and it remains extremely obscure.

EPT is a lesser-known psychedelic tryptamine, the N-ethyl-N-propyl homolog in the DMT family. It has appeared as a research chemical with only fragmentary self-reports and no formal human or clinical data.

Ethylnaphthidate (HDEP-28) is the ethyl-ester naphthyl analogue in the methylphenidate/phenidate family, a potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor sold as a research chemical. Like other naphthidates it is far more potent than methylphenidate in preclinical assays and has no human safety characterisation.

Flunitrazolam is a triazolo analogue of flunitrazepam and one of the most potent designer benzodiazepines known, active in the microgram range. It has no clinical study in humans and carries a high risk of overdose because minute quantities are strongly sedating.

Isopentedrone is a synthetic cathinone stimulant, a branched-chain isomer of pentedrone (a beta-keto amphetamine with a methylamino group). It is a niche research chemical with essentially no published human pharmacology. Reported effects are anecdotal and describe a pentedrone-like stimulant with a strong redose pull.

MDAT (6,7-methylenedioxy-2-aminotetralin) is a conformationally restricted entactogen from the aminotetralin series, related to MDAI. Designed in academic research as a serotonin-selective, non-neurotoxic releaser, it produces MDMA-like emotional effects with minimal stimulation. Human data are essentially absent.

MPT is the N-methyl-N-propyl homolog of DMT, an obscure psychedelic tryptamine. It has appeared only rarely as a research chemical and lacks any formal human study; all descriptions are anecdotal.

N-Ethylnorketamine (NENK, 2-oxo-PCE) is a ketamine analogue in which the N-methyl group is replaced by an N-ethyl group. It is a dissociative research chemical acting as an NMDA receptor antagonist, producing ketamine-like dissociation, analgesia and anaesthesia. Human pharmacological data are limited.

N-PVP is a pyrrolidinophenone-class designer cathinone closely related to alpha-PVP, appearing on grey-market listings as a stimulant reuptake inhibitor. Human data is effectively nonexistent; risk is inferred from the well-documented toxicity of its parent alpha-PVP.

PV-9 (alpha-pyrrolidinooctiophenone) is a synthetic cathinone stimulant of the pyrrolidinophenone family, an eight-carbon chain homologue extending the PV-8/alpha-PVP series. It is a niche research chemical with essentially no published human pharmacology. Reported effects are anecdotal and describe a potent, long-lasting stimulant with heavy redose pressure.

2-Fluoroketamine (2-FK) is a novel ketamine analogue research chemical in which the chlorine of ketamine is replaced by fluorine at the 2-position of the aryl ring. It is a dissociative NMDA antagonist reported to be roughly ketamine-like, with no clinical data and unknown toxicology. It is distinct from 2-FDCK, which already appears in this database.

25B-NBF is a potent serotonergic psychedelic, the N-(2-fluorobenzyl) analogue of 2C-B and a close relative of 25B-NBOMe. Active in the low milligram to sub-milligram range and typically taken sublingually or on blotter. It is one of the most poorly studied members of the N-benzyl phenethylamine class; its narrow safety margin and strong vasoconstriction make it dangerous.

25B-NBMD is the N-(2,3-methylenedioxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-B, a rare member of the NBMD subfamily of N-benzyl phenethylamine psychedelics. It is a potent 5-HT2A agonist sharing the 25x family's narrow safety margin, vasoconstriction and seizure risk.

25C-NBF is the N-(2-fluorobenzyl) derivative of 2C-C, part of the NBF series of N-benzyl phenethylamine psychedelics. It is a potent 5-HT2A agonist active in the sub-milligram range and shares the narrow safety margin, vasoconstriction and seizure risk of the broader 25x family.

25D-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-D, part of the NBOH series of potent 5-HT2A agonist psychedelics. It is orally inactive, taken sublingually, and shares the narrow safety margin, vasoconstriction and seizure risk characteristic of N-benzyl phenethylamines.

25E-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-E, an NBOH-series 5-HT2A agonist psychedelic. Orally inactive and taken sublingually, it shares the narrow safety margin, vasoconstriction and seizure risk of the N-benzyl phenethylamine class.

25G-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-G (a dimethyl-substituted phenethylamine). It is a potent NBOMe-class 5-HT2A agonist psychedelic, orally inactive and sub-milligram active, with the family's narrow safety margin, vasoconstriction and seizure hazards.

25H-NBOMe is the unsubstituted parent of the 25x-NBOMe series (N-2-methoxybenzyl-2C-H). It is less potent than its ring-halogenated relatives but is still an active 5-HT2A agonist psychedelic with the same class hazards: narrow margin, vasoconstriction and seizure risk at high doses.

25I-NBMD is the N-(2,3-methylenedioxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-I, a rare NBMD-series N-benzyl phenethylamine psychedelic. It is a potent 5-HT2A agonist that shares the 25x family's narrow safety margin, marked vasoconstriction and seizure risk.

25N-NBOH is the N-(2-hydroxybenzyl) analogue of 2C-N, a member of the NBOH series. NBOH compounds are potent 5-HT2A agonists that are somewhat less stable and reportedly slightly less potent than their NBOMe counterparts, but still carry a narrow margin, vasoconstriction and seizure risk.

25N-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-N, bearing a 4-nitro group on the phenethylamine ring. It is a potent 5-HT2A agonist psychedelic of the NBOMe class, orally inactive and sub-milligram active, with the same narrow safety margin, vasoconstriction and seizure hazards.

25T2-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-T-2, a sulphur-containing phenethylamine psychedelic. It is a potent 5-HT2A agonist of the NBOMe class, orally inactive and sub-milligram active, sharing the family's steep dose-response, vasoconstriction and seizure risks.

25TFM-NBOMe is the N-(2-methoxybenzyl) derivative of 2C-TFM (4-trifluoromethyl-2C). It is a potent NBOMe-class 5-HT2A agonist psychedelic, orally inactive and sub-milligram active, sharing the family's narrow margin, vasoconstriction and seizure risk.

2C-G (2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-dimethylphenethylamine) is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C series first described by Alexander Shulgin in PiHKAL. It is notable for its long duration and comparatively gentle, cerebral character. Human data is limited to Shulgin's self-experiments and sparse anecdotal reports; there are no controlled studies.

2F-Viminol is a fluorinated analogue of viminol, a pyrrole-derived analgesic. It is grouped with dissociative and research-chemical products but is pharmacologically an atypical opioid-like analgesic, with one diastereomer acting on opioid receptors. Human data are essentially absent and its risk profile is poorly defined.

3-Me-PCE (N-ethyl-3-methyl-norketamine analogue within the arylcyclohexylamine family) is a dissociative research chemical related to eticyclidine (PCE) and the 3-substituted PCP series. Like other arylcyclohexylamines it acts primarily as an NMDA receptor antagonist, producing anaesthetic, dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. Human data are minimal.

3-MeO-PCMo is a novel arylcyclohexylamine dissociative research chemical, a morpholine-ring PCP analogue bearing a 3-methoxy group. It is reported as notably weaker and longer-acting than related dissociatives, with no clinical study and essentially no human toxicology.

4-HO-DSB is an obscure 4-hydroxy N,N-disubstituted tryptamine in the psilocin family. It is a research-chemical tryptamine with essentially no reliable human data and is included as a family reference for novel 4-substituted tryptamines.

4-HO-PT refers to 4-hydroxy propyl-substituted tryptamine psilocin analogs. Very obscure research chemicals with no formal human data; effects presumed psilocybin-like by analogy.

5-EAPDB is the N-ethyl homolog of 5-APDB, a benzofuran entactogen with almost no human characterisation. By analogy to the MDA-to-MDEA relationship, N-ethylation likely yields a milder, more sedating, serotonergic profile. It carries the serotonergic neurotoxicity, hyperthermia, and serotonin-syndrome concerns of the MDMA class.

5-MeO-EPT is a 5-methoxy tryptamine with N-ethyl and N-propyl groups, a very obscure psychedelic research chemical related to 5-MeO-DMT. No formal human data; all information is anecdotal or inferred.

5-MeO-MBDB is a methoxy-substituted analog of the entactogen MBDB, sitting between entactogen and psychedelic profiles. It is essentially uncharacterised in humans and expected to produce gentle emotional effects possibly blended with mild psychedelia. It carries the serotonergic neurotoxicity and serotonin-syndrome concerns of the class.

6-MAPDB is the N-methyl homolog of 6-APDB and the positional isomer of 5-MAPDB, an obscure benzofuran entactogen with essentially no human data. By analogy it is expected to produce MDMA-like emotional effects with a serotonergic bias, while carrying the neurotoxicity, hyperthermia, and serotonin-syndrome concerns of the class.

alpha-PEP is a long-chain pyrrolidinophenone cathinone, a higher homologue of alpha-PVP/alpha-PHP that surfaced on grey markets as scheduling pressure pushed vendors toward ever-longer alkyl chains. It is presumed to be a potent norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor with high addiction risk and virtually no human data.

Buscaline (4-butoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine) is a butoxy scaline homologue of mescaline. Beyond the ethoxy/propoxy scalines, activity drops, and buscaline is reported as only weakly active with very sparse human data.

Deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine (DCNEK) is a novel ketamine analogue research chemical combining the deschloro modification of deschloroketamine with the N-ethyl group of N-ethylnorketamine. It is a dissociative NMDA antagonist with no clinical study and unknown human toxicology.

DON (2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitroamphetamine) is a psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx series, the 4-nitro analogue of DOB and DOM. Like other DOx compounds it is highly potent, active in the low milligram range, and very long-acting. Human data is limited to Shulgin's self-experiments and sparse anecdotal reports; there are no controlled studies.

Ganesha (3C-DFE, or 2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-dimethylamphetamine; also called 3C-G-3) is a psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx/3C family described by Alexander Shulgin in PiHKAL. It is notable for a long duration and an emotionally gentle, insightful character. Human data is limited to Shulgin's self-experiments and sparse anecdotal reports; there are no controlled studies.

MDMAI (N-methyl-5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane) is the N-methylated homolog of MDAI, a serotonin-selective aminoindane entactogen. It is essentially uncharacterised in humans and is expected to produce gentle MDMA-like emotional effects with minimal stimulation, while still carrying serotonin-syndrome risk.

5-iodo-MDAI is an iodinated analog of the serotonin-selective aminoindane entactogen MDAI. It is essentially uncharacterised in humans and expected to produce gentle MDMA-like emotional effects with minimal stimulation, while retaining serotonin-syndrome risk shared by the aminoindane class.

Methoxyketamine is a novel ketamine analogue research chemical in which a methoxy group is added to the ketamine scaffold (distinct from methoxetamine). It is a dissociative NMDA antagonist reported anecdotally to be weaker than ketamine, with no clinical data and unknown toxicology.

PT refers to propyltryptamine-class research chemicals in the simple DMT-analog series. Extremely obscure with no formal human data; all information is anecdotal and structurally inferred.

TMA-6 (2,4,6-trimethoxyamphetamine) is a psychedelic amphetamine of the trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA) series described by Alexander Shulgin in PiHKAL. It is active in the low tens of milligrams, moderately long-acting, and reported to have a strong psychedelic and sometimes stimulating character. Human data is limited to self-experiments and anecdotal reports; there are no controlled studies.

3-Br-PCP is a novel arylcyclohexylamine dissociative research chemical, the 3-bromo analogue of phencyclidine and a halogenated relative of 3-Cl-PCP. It is a potent NMDA antagonist active in low-milligram amounts, with no clinical study and essentially no human toxicology.

CanKet (2'-oxo-PCM) is a recently marketed ketamine-like arylcyclohexylamine dissociative. Like related compounds it is presumed to act as an NMDA receptor antagonist, producing dissociation, analgesia and anaesthetic effects. It is a very new research chemical with almost no published pharmacological or safety data.

DOP (2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylamphetamine) is a psychedelic amphetamine of the DOx series, the 4-propyl homologue of DOM. Like other DOx compounds it is potent, active in the low milligram range, and very long-acting. Human data is extremely sparse, limited to Shulgin's notes and a few anecdotal reports; there are no controlled studies.