Peptides

A once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist licensed for type 2 diabetes and obesity — the drug that defined the current weight-loss era. Large, well-evidenced weight loss with a gastrointestinal side-effect profile as the main limit.

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO, epoetin alfa/beta) is a glycoprotein hormone that stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow. Developed for renal anaemia and chemotherapy-induced anaemia, it became the archetypal endurance-doping agent from the 1990s onward, raising haematocrit and aerobic capacity. It is prohibited by WADA at all times.

Liraglutide is a once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type-2 diabetes (Victoza) and, at a higher dose, for chronic weight management (Saxenda). It is one of the most extensively studied incretin drugs, with large cardiovascular outcome trials, though its daily dosing and more modest weight loss have since been eclipsed by weekly agents.

Dulaglutide (Trulicity) is a once-weekly injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes and supported by large cardiovascular outcome trials. It lowers blood glucose and body weight modestly and reduces major cardiovascular events, backed by extensive clinical data.

Exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon) was the first GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for type 2 diabetes, derived from exendin-4 in Gila monster saliva. Available as twice-daily and once-weekly formulations, it lowers glucose and weight modestly, with a long track record in humans.

Darbepoetin alfa is a hyperglycosylated, longer-acting analogue of erythropoietin with two extra N-linked carbohydrate chains, extending its half-life so it can be dosed less frequently. Licensed for anaemia, it has been detected in high-profile doping cases (notably at the 2002 Winter Olympics). Prohibited by WADA at all times.

Somatropin is recombinant human growth hormone (191-amino-acid), biosynthetically identical to pituitary GH. It is an approved drug for GH deficiency, Turner syndrome, chronic renal insufficiency, short stature and HIV wasting, and is the most thoroughly studied compound of the GH axis. It drives IGF-1 production, lipolysis and nitrogen retention; misuse for body composition and anti-ageing is widespread but off-label.

A synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist that, after an initial flare, desensitises the pituitary to suppress LH, FSH and sex-steroid production. Licensed depot drug for prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, central precocious puberty and as part of gender-affirming and fertility protocols.

A once-weekly dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist licensed for type 2 diabetes and obesity. Produces the largest mean weight loss of any approved agent to date, at the cost of a dose-limiting gastrointestinal side-effect profile.

A synthetic analogue of the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin, selective for the V2 receptor. Widely licensed for central diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis, nocturia, and certain bleeding disorders (mild haemophilia A, von Willebrand disease). Available as tablet, nasal spray and injection.

A GnRH-agonist decapeptide delivered as a subcutaneous biodegradable implant. Licensed for prostate and hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer, endometriosis and endometrial thinning, working — like leuprolide — by suppressing gonadotropins and sex-steroid production after an initial flare.

Mircera is a continuous erythropoietin receptor activator (CERA): epoetin beta conjugated to a large methoxy-PEG polymer, giving a very long half-life and monthly dosing for renal anaemia. Its stability made it a doping target, and it featured in cycling positives at the 2008 Tour de France. Prohibited by WADA at all times.

A nine-amino-acid neurohypophyseal hormone that drives uterine contraction and milk let-down, and modulates social and affiliative behaviour. Long-established as an injectable obstetric drug (labour induction, postpartum haemorrhage); intranasal oxytocin is widely studied for social cognition but remains investigational there.

Retatrutide is an investigational once-weekly triple agonist acting at GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors. In phase-2 obesity trials it produced the largest mean weight loss reported for any incretin-based drug to date (~24% at the highest dose over 48 weeks), and it is in phase-3 development. Not yet approved for any indication.

A GnRH-agonist decapeptide delivered as a nasal spray, licensed for endometriosis and central precocious puberty. Like other GnRH agonists it suppresses gonadotropins and sex-steroid output after an initial flare, but its intranasal route gives it a distinct, convenient dosing profile.

Tesamorelin is a stabilised GHRH(1-44) analogue and the only GH-axis secretagogue with a modern FDA approval — for reducing excess visceral (abdominal) fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Multiple phase-3 trials show it selectively lowers visceral adipose tissue while raising GH/IGF-1. It carries the expected GH-axis side effects, chiefly fluid retention and glucose effects.

A synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) that binds the melanocortin-1 receptor to stimulate eumelanin production. Licensed as afamelanotide (Scenesse) via a slow-release implant for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), a rare light-sensitivity disorder. Distinct from the more androgenic, appetite/erection-affecting Melanotan II.

Triptorelin is a long-acting GnRH agonist and an approved pharmaceutical used for prostate cancer, endometriosis, precocious puberty and other conditions. After an initial flare, continuous receptor stimulation profoundly suppresses LH, FSH and sex-hormone production (medical castration). In bodybuilding it is sometimes used off-label as a single-dose attempt to restart the axis after a cycle, a use with far less evidence than its licensed indications.

Gonadorelin is synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), an approved pharmaceutical. Given in pulses it stimulates pituitary release of LH and FSH; it has been used diagnostically to test pituitary function and therapeutically (via pump) for hypothalamic infertility. In hormone-replacement circles it is used to maintain testicular function, though hCG is more commonly chosen for that role.

A melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist licensed for obesity driven by specific rare genetic defects in the leptin-melanocortin pathway (POMC, PCSK1, LEPR deficiency, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome). Administered as a daily subcutaneous injection, it restores appetite-suppressing signalling in patients whose obesity has a defined monogenic cause.

A melanocortin receptor agonist and metabolite of Melanotan II, developed specifically for sexual dysfunction. Under the name bremelanotide (Vyleesi) it is FDA-approved for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women, giving it real randomised-controlled-trial evidence that most peptides on this site lack. Common side effects are nausea, flushing and transient blood-pressure elevation.

Long-acting exendin-based GLP-1 receptor agonist studied in a large cardiovascular-outcomes trial (AMPLITUDE-O), where it reduced cardiovascular events in high-risk type 2 diabetes.

A synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) and the [Nle4, D-Phe7] linear form of what is loosely called Melanotan-1. Unlike the grey-market injectable, afamelanotide is an approved prescription drug (Scenesse), delivered as a subcutaneous slow-release implant to increase eumelanin and reduce phototoxicity in erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP).

Bimagrumab (BYM338) is a fully human monoclonal antibody that blocks activin type II receptors (ActRIIA/B), the shared receptors for myostatin and activin. Originally tested in muscle-wasting conditions, it gained attention when trials in obesity and type 2 diabetes showed simultaneous loss of fat mass and gain in lean mass.

Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analogue given once weekly for weight management. It is most studied in combination with semaglutide (as CagriSema), where the pairing produces greater weight loss than either agent alone. As monotherapy and in combination it is in late-stage development but not yet approved.

Peginesatide was a synthetic, PEGylated dimeric peptide that activated the EPO receptor despite having no sequence homology to erythropoietin. Approved in the US in 2012 for dialysis anaemia, it was withdrawn in 2013 after fatal anaphylaxis reports. Because it evaded EPO immunoassays, it drew anti-doping concern. Prohibited by WADA as an EPO-receptor agonist.

Survodutide is an investigational dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma for obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Phase II trials show strong weight loss and improvement in liver disease, adding glucagon-driven energy expenditure to GLP-1 effects.

A 28-amino-acid immunomodulatory peptide derived from the thymus. Unlike most peptides on this site it has substantial clinical use: as the licensed drug thymalfasin (Zadaxin) it is approved in several countries for chronic hepatitis B and C and as a vaccine adjuvant, and has been studied in sepsis and cancer. Grey-market 'immune-boosting' use for general wellness is far less well supported than these specific indications.

Apitegromab (SRK-015) is a monoclonal antibody that selectively binds the pro- and latent forms of myostatin, blocking its activation rather than the mature ligand. Developed for spinal muscular atrophy, it showed improvements in motor function in trials and represents the most clinically advanced selective myostatin inhibitor.

A mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide (D-Arg-dimethylTyr-Lys-Phe-NH2) that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and binds cardiolipin, aiming to stabilise cristae and improve energy production. Unlike most peptides here it has been through multiple human trials in mitochondrial and cardiovascular disease, though pivotal efficacy has been mixed.

A 28-amino-acid immunomodulatory peptide derived from thymic tissue. Marketed in several countries (as Zadaxin) for chronic hepatitis B and C and as an immune adjuvant, and studied in sepsis and as a vaccine enhancer, though it is not FDA-approved in the US.

Sermorelin is GHRH(1-29), the shortest fully active fragment of growth-hormone-releasing hormone. It was an FDA-approved product (Geref) used as a diagnostic agent for GH secretion and to treat childhood GH deficiency before being discontinued for commercial reasons. It stimulates pulsatile endogenous GH release and is now popular in anti-ageing/wellness clinics. Human data exists but is older.

Investigational fixed-dose combination of the amylin analog cagrilintide and the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide from Novo Nordisk, developed to deliver additive weight loss beyond either alone.

A 54-amino-acid product of the KISS1 gene that stimulates hypothalamic GnRH neurons, making it a master regulator of reproductive hormone release. Investigational only: studied for triggering egg maturation in IVF and probing hypothalamic reproductive disorders, with no marketed product.

Investigational GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist (an OXM analog) in late-stage development, primarily in China. Phase 3 data show meaningful weight loss with the added glucagon-driven energy expenditure component.

Taldefgrobep alfa (BMS-986089) is an engineered anti-myostatin adnectin-Fc fusion protein — not a conventional antibody — that binds and neutralises myostatin. It was studied in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and later in spinal muscular atrophy and obesity, but a large SMA trial failed its primary endpoint.

Domagrozumab (PF-06252616) is a humanised anti-myostatin monoclonal antibody developed for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Despite increasing muscle volume on MRI in a Phase 2 trial, it failed to meet its primary functional endpoint (4-stair climb time), and the programme was discontinued.

GHRP-2 (pralmorelin) is a second-generation growth-hormone-releasing peptide and ghrelin-receptor agonist, more potent at releasing GH than GHRP-6 and with somewhat less appetite stimulation. It is approved in Japan as a diagnostic agent for GH secretion, giving it more human data than most secretagogues. Non-medical physique use remains anecdotal.

Landogrozumab (LY2495655) is a humanised anti-myostatin monoclonal antibody studied by Eli Lilly for sarcopenia, post-surgical muscle loss and cancer cachexia. Trials showed increases in lean mass and some functional measures in older adults, but overall benefits were modest and development did not continue to approval.

An 11-amino-acid peptide derived from the tertiary structure of erythropoietin that activates the tissue-protective innate repair receptor without stimulating red-cell production. Studied mainly for neuropathic pain in sarcoidosis and diabetes, giving it modest but real early-phase human data.

Garetosmab (REGN2477) is a fully human anti-activin A monoclonal antibody from Regeneron. Developed for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, it is also studied alongside the anti-myostatin antibody trevogrumab as a body-composition combination to preserve lean mass during weight loss.

GHRP-6 is a first-generation growth-hormone-releasing hexapeptide and ghrelin-receptor agonist. It reliably releases GH but is notable for causing strong hunger via ghrelin signalling, and it modestly raises cortisol and prolactin. Studied in older human GH-secretion trials; non-medical physique use is anecdotal.

Kisspeptin-10 is a 10-amino-acid fragment of kisspeptin, an upstream regulator of GnRH release. In controlled human physiology studies it reliably stimulates LH and FSH secretion, and it is being investigated for reproductive and hypothalamic disorders. Its use as a self-administered testosterone-support peptide is off-label and far less validated than its research use.

Larazotide acetate (AT-1001) is an oral 8-amino-acid tight-junction regulator investigated for celiac disease. Unlike most peptides in this list it reached phase 3 trials, giving it comparatively more human data — though the pivotal trial was halted and it remains unapproved.

Investigational GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist in Phase 2 development for obesity and MASH (fatty liver disease). Designed with a balanced ratio to drive both weight loss and liver-fat reduction.

Stamulumab (MYO-029) was the first anti-myostatin monoclonal antibody tested in humans, a recombinant human IgG1 designed to neutralise circulating myostatin in adults with muscular dystrophy. A Phase 1/2 safety trial found it well tolerated but showed no significant improvement in muscle strength or function, and development was discontinued.

Investigational cAMP-biased GLP-1 receptor agonist in clinical development for obesity and type 2 diabetes, mainly in China. Early/mid-stage human data show dose-dependent weight loss.

Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide growth-hormone-releasing peptide (GHS-R agonist), more potent than GHRP-6 at releasing GH. It has been studied in small human trials for GH secretion and cardiovascular effects, but tachyphylaxis (desensitisation with continued use) and cortisol/prolactin stimulation limit it. Non-medical physique use is anecdotal.

Ramatercept is a soluble activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB) fusion protein — the ActRIIB extracellular domain linked to a human IgG1 Fc — engineered to act as a ligand trap for myostatin, activin and related GDFs. It reached Phase 2 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, where it increased lean mass but was halted over vascular safety signals (nosebleeds and telangiectasias).

Trevogrumab (REGN1033) is a fully human anti-myostatin monoclonal antibody from Regeneron, evaluated for sarcopenia and later combined with an anti-activin antibody and GLP-1 agonists to preserve lean mass during weight loss. It selectively neutralises myostatin and has been explored as a muscle-sparing adjunct.

CJC-1295 with DAC is a GHRH(1-29) analogue bearing a Drug Affinity Complex (a maleimidoproprionic acid group) that binds circulating albumin, extending its half-life to roughly a week. This produces a sustained 'GH bleed' rather than discrete pulses. Small early-phase human trials exist; broader clinical evidence is limited and non-medical use is off-label.

Investigational GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist being studied primarily for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD/NAFLD), with weight-loss effects as well.

A hexapeptide growth hormone secretagogue (also known as hexarelin's development name in some contexts, but a distinct GHRP-class peptide) studied as a diagnostic and therapeutic GH stimulus in small human trials. Limited human data.

Ipamorelin is a selective pentapeptide growth-hormone secretagogue (a ghrelin/GHS-R agonist) that triggers a clean GH pulse with little effect on cortisol, prolactin or appetite. This selectivity makes it the most commonly used GHRP for body-composition purposes, usually stacked with a GHRH analogue. Human evidence is limited to early pharmacology; physique use is anecdotal.

ACE-031 (ramatercept) is a soluble activin receptor type IIB fused to an antibody Fc fragment, designed to act as a decoy trap for myostatin and related ligands. It was tested clinically for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, where it increased muscle volume but trials were halted over safety signals including nosebleeds and gum bleeding (telangiectasias). It is a large biologic, not a peptide suited to casual subcutaneous dosing.

CJC-1295 without DAC, commonly sold as modified GRF(1-29), is a short-acting growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogue. Four amino-acid substitutions on the GHRH(1-29) fragment resist enzymatic degradation, giving a brief but potent GH pulse. It is frequently paired with a GHRP (e.g. ipamorelin) for synergistic release. Human evidence is limited; use is largely anecdotal.

A tripeptide antioxidant (glutamate-cysteine-glycine) central to cellular redox balance and detoxification. Injectable/IV glutathione is heavily marketed for skin lightening and general 'wellness', but robust clinical evidence for these cosmetic uses is weak; its established roles are biochemical and in specific medical settings.

A lipidated cosmetic signal peptide (palmitoyl-Lys-Thr-Thr-Lys-Ser) marketed to stimulate collagen synthesis and reduce fine lines. Among the better-studied anti-ageing cosmetic peptides, though trials remain small and largely industry-linked.

Early-stage investigational unimolecular GLP-1 and amylin receptor co-agonist from Novo Nordisk, generating attention for very large weight loss in early trials, available in both oral and injectable forms.

AOD-9604 is a synthetic fragment of the C-terminus of human growth hormone (residues 176-191 plus a tyrosine) developed as an anti-obesity agent. It reached human clinical trials, which found it was well tolerated but produced no meaningful weight loss versus placebo. It is now marketed as a peptide for fat loss and joint repair despite the negative efficacy data.

A topical cosmetic hexapeptide marketed as a 'needle-free Botox alternative' that is claimed to reduce expression wrinkles by interfering with neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. Small cosmetic studies show modest wrinkle-depth reductions; systemic effects from topical use are negligible.

A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine complexed with copper) used topically and by injection for skin regeneration, wound healing and hair growth. It has genuine in-vitro and some small topical clinical support for cosmetic skin benefits, but injectable 'anti-aging' use rests on preclinical work and anecdote.

One of the original synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptides, a ghrelin-receptor agonist that provokes GH release. It was largely superseded by GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 and has only limited early human data.

The active fragment of the human cathelicidin antimicrobial protein hCAP18, a 37-residue host-defence peptide with broad antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and wound-healing roles. Widely studied as an endogenous molecule, but as an injected or topical therapeutic it is early-stage and mostly preclinical.

A synthetic analogue of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) used to darken skin (tanning) and, as a side effect, increase libido and cause spontaneous erections. It has some early human study data but was never brought to market, and is sold illegally as an unlicensed injectable. Notable for nausea, facial flushing, and darkening or proliferation of moles.

A tetra-substituted GHRH(1-29) analogue (often called mod GRF 1-29 or CJC-1295 without DAC) widely used in the research-peptide community with GHRPs to stimulate pulsatile GH release. Human data are limited to the parent GHRH analogue class.

VIP is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide with real physiology (vasodilation, immune modulation) that is used off-label as an intranasal spray, notably in the CIRS/mold-illness community following Shoemaker protocols. Human evidence outside its natural role is limited to small case series and open-label reports.

A 24-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, studied preclinically for cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic and metabolic effects. Essentially all human relevance is associational (circulating levels vs ageing and disease); there is no approved therapeutic and no established dosing.

The IGF-1 Ec splice variant, whose E-domain-derived peptide is marketed as Mechano Growth Factor. It is proposed to activate satellite cells after muscle damage. Human evidence is minimal; use is largely preclinical and anecdotal.

IGF-1 LR3 (Long R3 IGF-1) is an 83-amino-acid analogue of insulin-like growth factor 1 with an Arg substitution and an N-terminal extension that sharply reduce binding to IGF-binding proteins, giving a much longer half-life and higher free activity. It is a research reagent used in cell culture; human data for physique/performance use is essentially absent, and use is anecdotal.

A zinc-dependent nonapeptide thymic hormone that supports T-lymphocyte differentiation and immune regulation. A genuine endogenous immunomodulator with an older research literature, but limited modern controlled trials of exogenous administration.

A broadly marketed analytical/receptor-grade recombinant IGF-1 preparation (distinct from the approved mecasermin product) used in research settings and diverted for physique use. Human safety and efficacy for the marketed use are essentially uncharacterised.

IGF-1 DES (DES(1-3)IGF-1) is a truncated IGF-1 lacking the first three N-terminal amino acids. This removal further lowers IGFBP binding and, in some tissues, makes it more potent than native IGF-1 while giving a very short half-life. It is a laboratory reagent; physique use is anecdotal with no controlled human data.

A synthetic hexapeptide GH secretagogue in the GHRP family, structurally related to hexarelin. It stimulates GH release via the ghrelin receptor but has very limited human data and never advanced to approval.

A potent opioid heptapeptide originally isolated from the skin of South American Phyllomedusa frogs, containing an unusual D-alanine residue. It is a strong mu-opioid agonist most notorious as a doping agent in horse racing rather than a cosmetic or approved therapeutic.

A synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia as an anxiolytic and nootropic, based on the immunopeptide tuftsin. It is used in Russia clinically for anxiety, but the supporting human trials are small, mostly Russian, and not widely replicated internationally. Often taken intranasally; marketed for anxiety relief and focus without the sedation or dependence of benzodiazepines.

A synthetic peptide derived from a fragment of ACTH (4-10) developed in Russia as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent. It is used clinically in Russia for stroke, cognitive disorders and attention, but the supporting trials are largely Russian and not widely replicated internationally. Typically taken intranasally; claimed to improve focus, memory and recovery from neurological insults.

Thymogen (Glu-Trp, glutamyl-tryptophan) is a synthetic dipeptide immunomodulator derived from thymic peptides, used clinically in Russia as an immunostimulant. Some Russian clinical data exist, but Western independent trials are lacking, keeping the evidence base thin.

A 16-amino-acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA. In animals it activates AMPK and improves insulin sensitivity and exercise capacity, driving interest as a metabolic and 'exercise-mimetic' peptide. Human data are early and largely observational.

A copper-binding tripeptide (alanine-histidine-lysine) complexed with copper, marketed in topical cosmetic serums for hair growth and skin conditioning. Related to the better-known GHK-Cu but with far thinner published evidence; most claims rest on in-vitro work and manufacturer data.

Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) is a synthetic tetrapeptide derived from the pineal peptide extract epithalamin, marketed for anti-aging and telomerase activation. Human data are limited to older Russian studies from a single research group; independent replication is essentially absent.

Follistatin-315 is the shorter, circulating isoform of the endogenous glycoprotein follistatin, produced by alternative splicing. It binds and neutralises members of the TGF-beta superfamily — most notably myostatin (GDF-8) and activin A — and is marketed in the grey research-peptide market on the promise of muscle growth. Human data specific to exogenously administered FS-315 is essentially absent; nearly all supporting evidence is animal or in-vitro.

A tripeptide (lysine-proline-valine) corresponding to the C-terminal fragment of alpha-MSH, valued for its anti-inflammatory action without the pigmentary or melanocortin-agonist effects of the full hormone. Explored for gut and skin inflammation; human clinical data are minimal.

N-Acetyl Semax Amidate is a chemically modified, longer-acting analogue of the Russian nootropic peptide Semax, used intranasally for focus and neuroprotection. Human evidence rests on Russian studies of parent Semax plus user anecdote; the modified analogue itself lacks dedicated trials.

An experimental pro-apoptotic peptide (a homing sequence fused to a mitochondrial-disrupting KLA motif) designed to selectively kill the blood vessels feeding white adipose tissue, causing fat loss. Demonstrated weight loss in obese primates, but with dose-limiting kidney toxicity and no completed human efficacy trials.

A synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide derived from a sequence in human gastric juice, marketed for accelerated healing of tendon, ligament, muscle and gut tissue. Despite an enormous online following, there are essentially no controlled human trials — the entire evidence base is rodent studies and user anecdote. Sold only as a research chemical; not approved for human use anywhere.

Follistatin-344 is a form of the natural protein follistatin, which binds and inhibits myostatin and related TGF-beta family ligands that limit muscle growth. It is marketed to bodybuilders for rapid muscle gain based on dramatic myostatin-knockout animal phenotypes. There are no controlled human trials of the injectable research peptide, and it is a large protein poorly suited to the crude subcutaneous dosing used.

Peptides sold as GDF-8 (myostatin) inhibitors are marketed to block myostatin and increase muscle mass. While myostatin blockade is a validated biological target, the specific peptides sold in this space lack any human trial data, and approved biologic myostatin inhibitors have repeatedly failed to improve function in trials.

An elongated relative of Argireline — an acetylated octapeptide topical cosmetic marketed to reduce expression wrinkles by attenuating neurotransmitter release. Even thinner evidence than Argireline, with claims resting mainly on manufacturer data.

5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule (technically not a peptide) NNMT inhibitor sold in research-peptide circles for fat loss and metabolic effects. Evidence is preclinical only — rodent studies show reduced adiposity — with no controlled human trials and only self-reported anecdote in humans.

An experimental senolytic peptide designed to disrupt the interaction between FOXO4 and p53, selectively pushing senescent ('zombie') cells into apoptosis. Known from a single influential mouse study; there is no approved human use and no controlled human trial data.

A lipidated cosmetic peptide (myristoyl pentapeptide-17) used in topical eyelash and eyebrow serums, promoted to lengthen and thicken lashes by supporting keratin gene expression in the follicle. A common cosmetic ingredient with minimal independent clinical evidence.

HGH Fragment 176-191 is the short C-terminal region of human growth hormone marketed as a fat-loss peptide. It is closely related to AOD-9604 (which adds a tyrosine to this sequence). Human evidence is minimal; the fat-loss claims rest on preclinical rodent lipolysis studies and marketing rather than controlled human trials.

A synthetic peptide corresponding to the active actin-binding region of Thymosin Beta-4, sold for tissue repair, flexibility and recovery. Marketed heavily to athletes and in veterinary/equine circles, but human efficacy rests on animal models and anecdote. Not approved for human use; note that TB-500 and full-length Thymosin Beta-4 are related but not identical.

Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic tripeptide bioregulator from the Khavinson series, marketed as a nootropic and neuroprotective agent. Evidence is confined to preclinical rodent work and in vitro assays from its originating group; no controlled human trials exist.

Bronchogen (Ala-Asp-Glu-Leu) is a synthetic Khavinson bioregulator peptide marketed for respiratory/bronchial support. Evidence is limited to preclinical and Russian reports from the originating group; no independent human trials exist.

Cardiogen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg) is a synthetic Khavinson bioregulator peptide marketed for cardiovascular and myocardial support. Evidence is limited to preclinical work and Russian reports from the originating group, without independent human trials.

Cortagen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) is a synthetic Khavinson bioregulator peptide claimed to support cerebral cortex and peripheral nerve function. Evidence is limited to Russian preclinical and small clinical reports from the originating group; independent human data are absent.

Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide, a nine-amino-acid neuropeptide first isolated from the blood of sleeping rabbits and named for its ability to promote delta-wave (deep) sleep. Despite the name, human evidence that it reliably improves sleep is weak and inconsistent, and it is sold only as a research chemical with no modern clinical validation.

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed in Russia and promoted for anti-aging via claimed activation of telomerase and lengthening of telomeres. The human evidence comes almost entirely from a small number of older Russian studies by its originators; independent replication is lacking and the telomerase claims are widely disputed.

Livagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) is a synthetic Khavinson bioregulator peptide marketed for immune and gastrointestinal/hepatic support. Evidence comes only from preclinical chromatin-decondensation studies and Russian reports from the originating group; no independent human trials exist.

MGF is the C-terminal peptide of IGF-1Ec, a splice variant of IGF-1 expressed transiently in mechanically loaded or damaged muscle. It is marketed to bodybuilders for local muscle repair. The biology is real in animal models, but the injectable research-chemical peptide has no human trials and an extremely short half-life.

Prostamax is a Khavinson-type peptide preparation marketed for prostate support, related to the registered prostate peptide bioregulator prostatilen/Vitaprost. Evidence is limited to Russian clinical use of the parent prostate extract; the marketed synthetic peptide lacks independent trials.

Testagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) is a synthetic Khavinson bioregulator peptide marketed for testicular/reproductive support. Evidence is limited to preclinical work and Russian reports; no independent human trials exist, and it is not a testosterone-boosting drug in any validated sense.

Vilon (Lys-Glu) is a synthetic dipeptide bioregulator from the Khavinson series, marketed for immune modulation and anti-aging. Evidence is confined to preclinical and small Russian clinical reports from the originating group, with no independent replication.

PEG-MGF is a pegylated synthetic version of Mechano Growth Factor, a splice variant of IGF-1 (IGF-1Ec) produced by muscle in response to mechanical overload. Pegylation is claimed to extend its otherwise very short half-life, and it is marketed for muscle repair and hypertrophy. Essentially no controlled human data exist; use is preclinical-derived and anecdotal.

Adipotide (FTPP) is an experimental proapoptotic peptide designed to destroy the blood supply of white fat tissue, causing fat loss. It produced weight loss in obese primates in preclinical work but also caused dose-dependent kidney toxicity. It has never been tested in a completed human efficacy trial and is not a safe or characterised human agent.